I Lie RARY OF CONGRESS. I 

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i UNITED STATES OF AMEiiii: 



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HINTS AND HELPS 



TO 



HORSEMEN 



A HANDY MANUAL FOR 



HORSEKEEPERS; 



WITH THE RACING AND BETTING RULES OF THE AMERICAN 
JOCKEY CLUB. 



^f^ 



By "SPERRY." 



NEW YORK : 

ALBERT COGSWELL, PUBLISHER, 

No. 139 Eighth Steeet. 



Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1877, by 

ALBERT COGSWELL, 
in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 



'b^ 






INTEODUOTIOK 



A great many years have passed since a work on the horse has 
been published, and during those intervening years, a complete rev- 
olution has taken place in the training and treatment of the noble 
animal. It is the intention of the author to present, in as concise 
form as possible, and with words so plain, that everybody who 
speaks the English language can readily understand it, all the 
modern improvements in the breeding, training, and remedies for 
the different complaints that the horse is heir to, will be given 
under their proper heads, in such a way that there can be no mis- 
take made. 

In presenting this little volume to the public, we desire to state 
that, while it is not as comprehensive in space as some earlier books 
on the same subject, it will contain nothing but facts that can be 
relied on, and with this idea we launch it forth ; hoping that every 
farmer and lover of horses in our broad country will become inter- 
ested in and commend it. 



CONTENTS. 

PAGE. 
CHAPTER FIRST. 
The Breeding of Horses and the Choice of Sire 6 

CHAPTER SECOND. . 
The Choice of Mares in Breeding 9 

CHAPTER THIRD. 
The Proper Age to Breed from 14 

CHAPTER FOURTH. 
The Proper Way to Breed 16 

CHAPTER FIFTH. 
Canadian Norman Blood 20 

CHAPTER SIXTH. 
Arabian Blood too much Puffed up 24 

CHAPTER SEVENTH. 
About Ponies 25 

CHAPTER EIGHTH. 
HiNNiES AND Mules 29 

CHAPTER NINTH. 
Points in Horse Buying 33 

CHAPTER TENTH. 
Hints in Regard to the Legs and Feet ^. 37 

CHAPTER ELEVENTH. 
The Proper Way to Feed a Horse 41 

CHAPTER TWELFTH. 
The Stable and its Attendants 46 

CHAPTER THIRTEENTH. 
The Proper Way to Break a Horse 49 

CHAPTER FOURTEENTH. 
Simple Diseases Cured by Simple Means 54 

CHAPTER FIFTEENTH. 
HOMffiPATHY FOR THE HORSE 61 

CHAPTER SIXTEENTH. 
What Veterinary Surgeons do 76 

CHAPTER SEVENTEENTH. 
The Proper way to Shoe a Horse 80 

CHAPTER EIGHTEENTH. 
Racing Rules 82 

CHAPTER NINETEENTH. 
Betting Rules 108 



HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 



CHAPTER FIRST. 

THE BREEDING OF HORSES AND CHOICE OF SIRES. 

There is no country in the world where the horse is more valua- 
ble than in the United States ; and he adds to the national wealth 
in no small degree. Among farmers, the desire to raise good stock 
is increasing wonderfully; and among persons of leisure and 
wealth, the desire to own fast and valuable horses is indeed great. 
The profit to be derived from the raising of good horses is immense, 
and the number of people who have made fortunes in the business 
attest that fact ; but at the same time, there have been many who 
have become bankrupt, and all because their knowledge was 
Hmited. It is cheaper in the end to keep a good horse than it is 
to keep a bad one ; an-d this fact is becoming perceptible to all 
lovers of the noble animal, for the feed costs the same ; the stable 
room is no smaller, and the useful animal will last a great deal 
longer than the poor, broken-down jade. 

In fact, a horse four years old, bought at three or four hundred 
dollars will, when he has attained his maturity, be worth twice the 
money, either for sale or work ; while one bought for a third that 
price will be completely worn out and unfit for anything ; and the 
better the horse is in the first instance, the more rapid will be the 
increase in his value. 



6 HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 

What is it that constitutes value in every horse ? It is quickness 
of action, power to carry weight, and endurance: having bottom 
enough to travel a long distance at the same gait, and be able to 
work year in and year out,, with the same strength and vigor. And 
it is unnecessary to say, that all this cannot be done, unless the ani- 
mal has the highest breeding and higher degree of health. In for- 
mer daj's, it was the fashion to underrate the value of speed, and to 
laugh at the advantage of blood ; but all »this has materially 
changed, and the owner of every horse in these days knows that 
**blood will tell." 

The horse that can do twice as much work as another, and that 
can travel twice the distance in the same time, is certainly w^orth 
twice as much to his owner, as the other one. 

The question now is : How is this result to be reached ? By getting 
the greatest amount of pure blood into the animal bred, consistent 
with his size and power, and the pm-pose he is intended to be used 
for. Speed alone is not the only good thing to be derived from 
blood, for blooded horses possess double the endm-ance, and spirit 
of resistance, that the cart horse does in his coldness of blood. 
Beyond this, the internal construction of liis respiratory organs 
and of his general constitution, is enough to give him greater phys- 
ical power in proportion to his size, than any other animal ; add- 
ing to a greater courage, endurance, suffering, and fleetness of 
movement. 

It is not to be said, however, that all blooded horses are alike in 
these qualities, for there is more judgment to be used in the choice 
of blooded horses, than in any other of the species. In the blood 
of the thoroughbred, all diseases, faults and vices come from their 
originators, and the same may be said of all his good qualities ; 
but in selecting a thoroughbred, his record and that of his ances- 
tors should be inquired into. 

Those who breed from a short horse, in hopes of getting a large 
colt, will find out their mistake when it is too late ; and so it will be 



HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 7 

with those who expect to get perfection out of a spavined, ring- 
boned, or a dunghill of a horse. The blood should always be on 
the side of the sire, and for farmers' breeding purposes, the sire 
should be of medium height, short backed, well ribbed up, short in 
the saddle place, long below. He should have a broad chest, broad 
loins, straight rump, and high withers ; a lean, bony, well-set head ; 
a clear, bright and well placed eye ; small ears and broad nostrils. 
His fore legs should be as long as possible above the knee, and his 
hind legs above the hock, and as lean, short and bony as can be 
below those joints. The sinews should be clear, straight, firm and 
hard to the touch. From such a horse and a well-chosen roomy 
mare, he can be certain of owning a fine colt. 

The point to be looked after is, combination of speed in connec- 
tion with strength, and, at the same time, to look oat for disease or 
deformity in either of the parents. The first point will be reached 
by breeding to pure blood, and by breeding to what is called wp^ not 
down ; that is, by breeding the dam to a sire of superior blood ; ex- 
cept when it is desired to breed in and in, for the purpose of get- 
ting a pure strain, which may be serviceable in the get of brood 
mares. 

A half-bred mare should never be put to a half-bred stalli.on, as 
in that case, the produce will degenerate below the dam. Whereas, 
the get of a thoroughbred will be superior, and will continue to 
improve,- if the same process of breeding up is carried out. 

All diseases of the lungs and windpipe, commonly called the 
heaves, such as broken wind, roaring, whistling, thick wind 
and such like, are transmitted from the parents. Blindness is 
more so, and when one eye is destroyed by accident, and the other 
through sympathy should follow it, then it is not safe to breed 
from a horse so injured. Lameness arising from accident, is not 
transmissible ; but when a horse has broken down in running, it 
will be best to observe whether there is not some defect of the con- 
formation of the sinews tending to weakness, such as an improper 



8 HINTS AND HELPS TO HOKSEMEN. 

contraction of the volume of the leg, below the fore knee, and 
showing an insufficiency of the splint bone. These malforma- 
tions will become hereditary. If a horse should break down in his 
fore legs, the breaking down itself may be said to have been here- 
ditary ; and no one should think of breeding from such a horse. 

The following rules may be adopted : 

First. There is economy in buying and owning horses of value. 

Second. The more blood the better ; for the high bred animal 
has greater health, strength and quickness, and vigor of constitu- 
tion, as well as gameness. 

Third. The blood should always be on the side of the male ; 
and that means, that the stallion should be of purer blood than the 
mare. 

Fourth. Never choose a stallion that is not well ribbed, short 
backed, long below, and short in the saddle place, with the withers 
high, chest broad, a well set head, a bright eye, small ears, and 
broad loins. His hind legs above the hock and fore legs above the 
knee, should be long and muscular, and below these joints, short 
and bony. The bones of the legs should be large, flat, and free 
from excrsscences — the sinews straight, clear, and hard to the 
touch. 



CHAPTER SECOND. 

THE CHOICE OF MARE IN BREEDING. 

This is a subject that will hear careful consideration, as good 
judgment must he exercised in picking out the mare from which 
to breed ; as in a great measure the health of the foal depends 
altogether on that of the dam. Like produces like, and the best 
rule to follow is, blood from the sire, and beauty from the dam. 
Medium sized mares have a stronger constitution than very large 
ones, and on that account, they are the best to breed from. * ' The 
greatest blessing in life is an intelligent wife or a mare that pro- 
duces foals." So spoke the prophet Mahomet, and in this speech 
there is a deal of wisdom ; for a mare that brings forth foals, adds 
wealth to her owner ; and she must not only be intelligent, but 
also be possessed of a good temper, good health, and plenty of 
room. The mare should be so formed in frame as to be well able 
to carry her offspring, and capable of nourishing it afterwards. 
A mare with a level, straight hip, in which the tail is set on very 
high, should never be selected for breeding purposes ; but on the 
contrary, a mare, whose haunch bone forms an angle with the 
sacrum, is the one to pick from, because such a mare has room 
enough to allow the foal to pass out, and into the world. These 
points are very important, for if the foal is injured in the birth, 
it will never recover its powers, and will always remain injured. 
The pelvis should be deep and wide, and there should be more 

than the average length from hip to shoulder, so as to giye plenty 

1* 



10 HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 

of room for the foal. Beyond this roomy frame, the mare only 
requires such a shape and make as is adapted for the purpose in- 
tended, to wit : producing colts of the form and style she is in- 
tended to produce. To all this, she must have four solid legs, 
well shaped, large feet, and by no means flat soled. She should 
have a lean, bony head, small ears, broad face, well carried neck, 
high withers, and above all, long sloping shoulders. There is 
nothing more horrid than a straight shoulder, f oy t makes speed 
impossible, and gives a motion that often produces stumbling. 

She should have a wide chest, and be very deep in the location of 
the heart. She should be very strong in her .quarters, well let 
down, and sickle shaped above the hocks. If her hocks are wide 
apart, so much the better, for it indicates power. It has already 
been shown, that a brood mare should be considerably longer in 
the back, than one would choose a working horse to be ; and if 
she is particularly so, then put her to a short-backed and close 
coupled horse. 

The brood mare should be as near perfect as the artificial state 
of the animal will allow ; and in every case, the mare should be ex- 
amined carefully to discover what she has inherited from her 
ancestors. Barring accidents, all deviation from a state of health 
in the mare may be looked upon as transmitted to her ; because, in 
a good constitution, no treatment, such as training, will produce 
disease ; and the appearance of any disease, under this process, will 
show clearly that it is acquired and handed down from her parents. 
Still there are diseases which should be excepted, or rejected ac- 
cordingly. Broken knees, dislocated hips, and all such caused by 
accident may be overlooked ; but spavins, ringbones, splints, 
and all bony enlargements, are defects transmitted, and will be 
sure to be perpetuated. Curby hocks are hereditary, and ought to 
be avoided. Bad feet should be avoided, unless when caused by 
bad shoeing ; and in the latter case, it can be looked over. 

Marea with broken wind rarely breed, and of course are out of 



HINTS AND HELPS TO HOBSEMEN.- 11 

question, as no one would risk the recurrence, even if such a mare 
could get in foal. 

Blindness may or may not be hereditary ; but in every case it 
should be looked on with suspicion. Cataract without inflammation 
runs in families without a shadow of doubt, and when a mare has 
both eyes suffering with this disease, without any other derange- 
ment, it is best to let them pass. If blindness is brought on by 
cold, accident, or violent inflammation, the eye is more or less dis- 
organized and although this is objectionable, still it is not as bad as 
regular cataract. 

Under no circumstances breed from a stallion which has any 
affection of the respiratory organs, or from one that has any affec- 
tion of the eyes, unless it be the result of accident, such as a blow, 
or puncture would produce, — nor even then if one eye sympa- 
thized with the other ; and on the other hand, breed not from a mare 
that is affected either way. 

Before sending the mare to the horse, she should be got in a per- 
fect condition, by plenty of good nutritious food, gentle exercise, 
and comfortable stabling. She should not be in a pampered state, 
caused by hot stables or heavy clothing, but instead, her coat 
should be short and fine, and the skin should be in a glowing and 
blooming condition, just like what we would expect to see in a race- 
horse just before a race— not that she should be in that wiry form 
training produces. She should not be overloaded with fat, especi- 
ally that kind of fat which artificial feeding produces. During 
the first three or four months of her gestation, while carrying the 
foal, it would be well to let her do her regular work ; but she 
should not be compelled to gallop long distances, or put to any 
sudden or extreme exertion, such as pulling excessive loads, or in 
any effort likely to produce sudden strains, which of all things is 
the most likely to cause the mare to slip her foal. As time wears 
on, her work should be lighter, and her action slower, but at the 
same time, her exercise should be regular. 



12 HINTS AND HELPS TO HOESEMEN. 

If she is allowed to run in the grass, she should be put in a small 
enclosure, which will not be large enough to admit of her galloping 
at racing speed, because she is liable to fall in running, and this 
would produce disastrous consequences. The enclosures should 
have fences high enough to keep the mare from thinking of climb- 
ing or breakiDg through ; for if the fences are low, the mares wiU 
be continually trying to leap them, or force their way through, and 
then in all likelihood fatal accidents will occur. It would be bet- 
ter to have the fences made so, that at the upper part, the work 
would be open, and then the animals in adjacent lots would see 
and communicate with one another without being able to reach each 
other. When so situated, they will be on a constant trot, trying to 
get together, and this gentle exercise will afford them good. 

One acre of ground is sufficient for such a pasture, and on it 
should be built a substantial shed or hut, which will provide shade 
in summer, and warmth in winter. The entrance should be five 
feet wide and eight feet high, the edges of which ought to be 
rounded off, so as to keep the animal from injuring herself in going 
in or out. During gestation, the food of the mare should be gener- 
ous, liberal and nutritious, and at the same time, not heating ; for 
it must be known that the mare has, during this time, to generate 
blood to nourish the foal she is carrying, and to nourish herself. 

Large quantities of oats or corn ought not to be given ; but instead, 
clover, green corn ciit young, and above all things, carrots should 
be given in abundance ; and bran mashes, with from four to eight 
quarts of oats, can be given with advantage daily. It is almost a 
certainty that if the mother is starved, or fed on improper food, or 
kept cold, or wet, or exposed to the weather, the foal will be a 
scrawny, undersized, poor, half-starved looking wretch, that had 
better never seen daylight. Care should be taken of both after the 
foal has been dropped, and nutritious food of all descriptions should 
be given with a liberal hand, and it will pay to do so. One thing, 
which is important, should be looked after in selecting a mare for 



HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 13 

the Stud, and that is, the temper of the animal; for a vicious rogue 
should never be the mother of a colt ; neither should a mare be 
used for this purpose, that won't answer when called ; or one so 
stubborn and contrary, that it is impossible to train her, for such a 
one is even worse than none at all. The following rules will serve 
every purpose in selecting a mare for the stud. First. Beauty, 
soundness, temper and size, are best regarded in the mare, and blood 
in the sire. Seoond. Her frame should be roomy, with sloping hips, 
broad chested, deeply girthed, strong quarters, and well let down, 
wide apart hocks and deep in the pelvis. Third. She should be 
courageous and free from all viciousness. Fourth. Before going 
to the horse, her condition ought to be perfect and not overloaded 
with fat. Fifth. She should be fed liberally with nourishing food 
that will not overheat her, and for the first three or four months 
her work must be moderate, but her exercise must be regular. 



CHAPTER THIRD. 

THE PROPER AGE TO BREED FROM. 

The general opinion among breeders of horses is, that a mare must 
be at least three years old before she is put to the stud ; and the horse 
must be fully matured ; but nevertheless have been known to com- 
mence breeding when two years old, but their progeny never lasted 
any length of time. An old stallion and an old mare will produce 
like results, but an old mare and a young horse have been known 
to get the best horses on the turf ; as for instance, Nina, the pro- 
perty of Major Doswell, of Virginia, in her twenty-lifth year gave 
birth to the celebrated colt Algerine, and since then she dropped Al- 
geria, a full sister to the aforesaid horse. Nina is still living, and 
in her twenty-ninth year was stinted to Abdel Kader. Then again, 
Flora Temple dropped a colt when very old ; showing that the 
mixing of young blood with old will produce good results. Age is 
n^ bar to success, if matched with youth on the other side. "When 
a young mare is chosen, the horse should not be less than ten or 
twelve years old ; but they never should go together when of the 
same age. It is all a mistake to say that the first produce of a 
mare is her best, for there are many instances to prove to the con- 
trary. Take Nina for example ; her first colt, Planet, was a stunner, 
and her last colt was a good winner, while her filly is spoken of in 
the highest terms. Crucifix was dropped when his dam, Octaviana, 
was in her twenty-second year ; and the celebrated Lottery first 
saw the light when her dam was in her twentieth year. With 



HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 15 

these examples before us, it is safe to say that some mares will breed 
as long as they live. 

IN AND IN BEEEDING. 

What is miderstood by this is, the mating or pairing of relations 
in blood within the degree of second cousins ; and a great deal can 
be said both for and agaiuFt it. Following the law laid down by 
human nature, it seems unnatural for relations to become united, and 
is said that such unions produce abortion ; but then, again, in newly 
settled countries, this in and in breeding is carried on to a great 
extent ; because the settlers need stock and are not very particular 
about mixing the same blood ; and horses in their wild state are 
known to cohabit with their offspring until driven away by the 
younger and stronger horses. The mustangs of Texas have not 
changed in their size, condition or appearance ; and it is a well- 
known fact that they have no respect for the religious law of self- 
denial when in company with their own kindred. When the Arab 
was first introduced, and his value as a getter of race-horses became 
known, there was no quibbling, but in breeding became so very 
close, that it almost became incestuous ; and it was this kind of 
breeding that gave us our present race-horse. So, in fact, although 
forbidden by divine law, there is really no harm in it ; but on the 
contrary, a great deal of good, providing the blood is pure. 



CHAPTER FOURTH. 

THE PEOPER WAY TO CONNECT SIRE WITH DAM. 

The advantages to be derived from breeding to pure blood on the 
side of the sire, no matter what the quality of the dam is, has been al- 
ready shown ; and we will now show the improvements to be gain- 
ed in various varieties, and what will produce this improvement ; 
for it is dead certain, that the same kind of horse will not 
answer for every mare ; for to produce an equality in progeny, it 
will require sires of very different styles, for mares of different 
styles. The object of breeding are two-fold, one of which, and 
the most common is, to breed from cold blood ; for example, the 
Conestoga mare, or the large Vermont draught mare, to raise a 
stock of horses from that will stand fatigue, be light of action and 
speedy of foot, by crossing that blood with thoroughbreds. This 
is the easiest thing accomplished, for any such horse will certainly 
make an improvement in the issue of the dam ; always providing 
that both are in a sound condition, and free from all vice. The 
progeny of such will, in blood, structure, form and spirit, be a vast 
improvement on its dam, and so much so, that the old lady will 
hardly know her offspring. 

In the third and fourth generations, when the blood has become 
thoroughly mixed and an improvement in the stock is visible, it 
will then be the duty of the breeder to look to other families, and 
other strains of blood ; for it is well known that the more distant 
the blood, the better it will cross. It must be always borne in 



HINTS AND HELPS TO HOESEMEN. 17 

mind, that the stallion should be a thoroughbred whose family is 
noted for comage, and a good stout frame, and that he has no de- 
fects of form which has already been alluded to. It is altogether 
wrong to put small mares to large horses, or immense mares to 
ponies, for there ought to be an equality in size and form ; or else 
the produce of an ill-matched pair will result in an ill-formed and 
ugly specimen of horseflesh. A mare of sixteen hands high should 
have for a consort a stallion not less than fifteen hands high, and 
in proportion as they get higher. A mistake is often made in put- 
ting little mares to tall horses, or low mares to a horse all legs, in 
hopes of giving height to the issue ; for the way to give size, is to 
select a horse of perfect form and one not much higher than the 
dam ; but it will make no difference, if one or the other is an inch 
or two larger, provided the stallion is not too long in the legs, and 
more especially from the knees down, and more particularly so if 
the mare is defective in these points. 

Where both are defective in any one and the same point, or even 
undeveloped in that particular point, it is the height of folly to 
couple them, in the vain hopes of seeing every defect banish in the 
offspring. There has always been a difference of opinion in regard 
to which the progeny takes after, in color, health and size ; one 
authority saying that there is no rule to go by, and the other assert- 
ing that while the dam gives health and constitutional powers, yet 
the sire furnishes gen eral character and external appearance. Now, 
the better way to look at it is this : Whichevej is the best blooded 
and nearest a thoroughbred, that will be the one, whether it is 
father or mother that the progeny will take after. It has been 
already asserted that a blooded horse put to a common mare im- 
proves the stock ; and the improvement comes from the one 
having the best blood ; so it must be again said, that the progeny 
will be nearer a true liB:eness of the good blood, than of the cold, 
poor blood. 

When a mare is slightly defective in any one point, it will be best 



18 HINTS AND HELPS TO IIOBSEMEN- 

to select a stallion that is excellent in that particular point ; and 
TV hen a breeder falls in love with a stallion, on account of his 
beauty, former performances, or blood, and that horse is weak in 
any one or more points, it will then be best to put him to a mare 
who is strong in the points where he is weak ; but on no account 
must he be put to a mare having the same faults as himself. 
Where mares, possessing some degree of pure blood, have degener- 
ate.] in size, strength and height, then it is best to breed them to 
such a horse as will improve them in size and bone without injur- 
ing the blood ; but first of all, it must be ascertained in which the 
impure blood exists ; and this is a very diflScult thing to do ; but, 
should the blood be cold, such as is found in common cart horses, 
then it is of no possible use to bother with it, as the result will not 
pay. But if the blood be pure, and the stock have long been in 
bred, then the best possible way to do, is to stint the mares, to the 
best thoroughbred stallion that can be found ; but he must be short 
legged, wide chested, strong loined, and of a strain of blood en- 
tirely distinct from that of the mare. The stallion should not 
be any taller than the mare, but must be stronger and show more 
muscular development. In the second generation, the offspring 
will be larger, in every way, than their dams,' and in health, strength 
and outside appearance, there will be a decided improvement. This 
may be repeated by putting the fillies of that dam to horses of ex- 
actly the same kind. This in the end will prove profitable, and is 
what is known as breeding up, and if followed up as advised, at no 
distant day the breeder will have animals that anybody would be 
proud of. Crossing and re-crossing of stock often produces won- 
ders, and when succesful for a great many years in any one line, it 
is called a "hit," and does not depend altogether on the advantage 
of blood, but on something so mysterious, that no one can find out. 
There is no possibility of prophesying what blood will or will not 
" hit," but there are facts, connected, which will cause the breeder 
to think and find out the reason. The habits of horses, oxen and 



HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 19 

other animals are well known in their wild state, and that they will 
copulate with their daughters and granddaughters there is no 
shadow of doubt ; and this in breeding has caused some of the best 
strain of blood in America. Then when it becomes known that 
persistent in and in breeding has caused degeneration, or any other 
evil results, the next best thing to do will be to look afar off for a 
different strain of blood, which when crossed, will produce a more 
healthy and vigorous offspring. 

The following rules will simplify the grounds taken above. 
First. Mutual adaption, between sire and dam, in size and form, is 
very important and should be adopted. Second. Where one is de- 
fective in any particular point, do not breed to another having the 
same fault. Third. Keep very small mares away from very large 
horses ; abortions will be the result of such speculations. Fourth. 
Where it is known that the blood of one family of horses will not 
cross well with another, avoid it ; and let there be no connectiou 
between two such horses. 



CHAPTER FIFTH. 

CANADIAN NORMAN BLOOD. 

This breed of horses are a distinct family, and very valuable as 
a working horse, and as a sire or dam. Where found in a pure 
state, and not crossed with our American thoroughbreds, he is 
without a doubt, the French Norman horse ; but in their present 
state, as we have seen them in Canada, their head is rather large, 
but lean and well formed, with' broad forehead, ears far apart, a 
small eye and full of courage ; a full chest and a strong shoulder ; and 
above all, having the soundest legs to be found on any race of horses 
not thoroughbred, and with feet like iron ; and it makes no mat- 
ter how badly they are shod, or what hardships they undergo, their 
feet are proof against founders, and all other diseases of the foot. 

The prevailing color of the Canadian is black, and brown comes 
next ; after these come chestnuts, duns and sorrels, with tails, 
manes and legs of a color lighter than the body ; and last of all 
are the dark iron-greys, with black legs. The genuine Canadians 
are remarkable for thickness of manes and tails, and also for the 
wavy, curly texture of the hairs composing them. The Canadian 
generally measures from fourteen to fourteen and a half hands. It 
is seldom that one is found that is speedy, and their best rate is six 
or seven miles an hour ; but they can pull a heavy load, and can 
easily go fifty miles a day under that load without tiring, and some 
of them have been known to go ninety miles in a day. The only 
instance of a fast or speedy horse appearing among them, was the 
celebrated trotting stallion St. Lawrence, who was well known in 



HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 21 

years g(fne by ; and it is a singular fact that no attempts have ever 
been made to improve that stock among themselves, although 
many of them have been improved by crossing with other races. 
As their excellence is generally acknowledged, both as a draught, 
and farmer's woriiing horse, and as brood mares, from which 
could be raised a useful working roadster, by breeding them to 
blooded horses, it is singular that breeders do not pay more atten- 
tion to this subject. The easiest way to improve this stock is to 
select the largest and most shapely mares of that breed, and then 
select the best stallions of that breed, always remembering the 
rules already laid down, and to see that the mare is in prime con- 
dition before putting her to the horse. During the mare's preg- 
nancy, she should be liberally fed and comfortably sheltered, though 
not to force either mother ot foal by hot lodging, or too stimulous 
food ; and, in the course of a few generations, a couple of inches 
will be added to the height of the Canadians, while their former 
merits of bone and sinew will be improved upon. 

They are the only horses of cold blood that it would be advis- 
able to breed on both sides ; that is, either, each to each, or each to 
other, for the improvement of their own and other foreign strains. 
By breeding the improved Canadian mare to a well-selected thor- 
pughbred, a highly improved light carriage horse or a good roadster 
will be the result ; and by again breeding the filly produced by 
this cross to a thoroughbred, there is no doubt but what the best 
saddle, or light carriage horses in the world can be- produced, and 
all resembling the Morgans, but superior to them in every respect. 
Norman and Canadian stallions are the only horses that ought 
to be put to light American blooded horses, because they can 
be made to produce a progeny, improved in every respect, and 
better adapted to become the mothers of large carriage horses, by 
breeding them to Normans, either native or imported. The Nor- 
mans, though small themselves, when crossed in either way, 
generally breed larger horses than themselves. 



22 HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 

THE PURE NORMAN. 

The Percheron Norman horse, of which a great many have 
been imported of late years into the United States, originally 
belongs to Le Perche, a district of France, that was formerly 
known as Normandy, where the improvement of the horse was 
cultivated in the highest degree ; and indeed the remarkable puri- 
ty of that family is vouched for in the certainty with which either 
sire or dam transmits its own likeness and character to its off- 
spring, no matter if even coupled with horses of a superior or in- 
ferior blood ; thus proving, that like begets like when the blood is 
pure. 

If a pure Norman mare is bred to a purer blooded stallion, 
the marks of the mare will descend to her foal with very little 
alteration or modification. 

Without being considered a thoroughbred, the Norman may be 
looked upon as a pure race, and a race that can breed in and 
in without altering or injuring their descendants in any way, just 
as prize cattle, setters, pointers, greyhounds, and all other perfect 
animals do. This family of horses measure fully sixteen hands in 
height, with a short thick head ; hollow and wide between the 
eyes, heavy jaws, short ears, short thick neck, heavy mane, ex- 
tremely short back, steep rump, broad quarters, wide chest, large 
tendons, well developed muscles, short legs, and much hair all 
over the limbs. In France, the males are never castrated, and 
there is wisdom in that fact, for the farmer will always breed from 
the best horse, having a good opportunity of judging which is the 
best, as they are all broke to harness, and the horse's qualities are 
well known before he enters the stud ; and here let me say, that it 
would not be only a good idea to follow in our country, but it 
would be a natural one, as nature never intended that any living 
thing should be deprived of half its life, or else they would be born 
in that way ; and then, again, as farmers well know, the horses 
that are gelded very often turn out better than those who are kept 



HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 23 

for the harem, and it has often been said : "I wish that I had never 
cut that horse." 

This idea of the Norman people is one of the causes why our 
race-horses are preserved, if not improved ; for unless very vicious, 
we do not deprive our thoroughbreds of the means of generation, 
and, therefore, the breeder has all the males to pick from, instead of 
having only a few from which to select, and by this time he knows 
which is the best. In my opinion, a general law should be passed 
which would read something like this : ' * Any man caught in the 
act, or known to deprive a colt of his sex, must suffer in like 
manner." This would put a stop to a barbarous practice, and 
make everybody obey the law of our common maker, and at the 
same time benefit the breeder in many ways. 

The horses of Normandy have more endurance and energy, and 
can work harder, with less food, than any race of horses living ; and 
they can keep their condition under brutal treatment when other 
breeds would die. No better stallion can be had to cross with our 
light American mares, and we hope to see the day when more at- 
tention will ba paid to this particular style of breeding. 



CHAPTER SIXTH. 

ARABIAN BLOOD TOO MUCH PUFFED UP. 

There are very few pure Arabians in the United States, and 
those that are here, are of no account as getters of race-horses, 
having been tried and found wanting. Still, however, there are a 
great many people who believe in this strain of fresh blood, and to 
them a brief history of the Arab may be interesting. Coming down 
from past ages, we leam that the countries from which he sprung 
are Arabia, Persia, Syria, Barbary, Abyssinia, Nubia and Turkis- 
tan, the horses of which, although having distinct characters, are 
nearly all connected with each other. In the American race-horse, 
we find the blocd of the Barb more common than the pure Arabian 
blood. A horse is not looked upon as a thoroughbred unless he 
trace back in both lines to that blood ; and yet there is not a race- 
horse in the United States but what could beat any Arabian in 
time and distance, over any track, either here or in Arabia. 

To repeat what we have said before : if we intend to improve any 
race, the blood must be purer on the side of the sire than on the 
side of the dam, and that he must be an animal of superior qual- 
ities ; and there is no denying the fact, that the American thorough- 
bred horse is a superior animal to any of the Oriental families, and 
that there can be no improvement made in his blood by mixing 
with the Arabian. The cause of this is very plain, for as the dis- 
ciples of Mahomet have been going down the ladder of life, in civil- 
ization, energy and power, all those animals under them have fallen 



HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 25 

in" a corresponding degree, and all owing to the want of care and 
intelligence in the owners of those once grand and valuable horses. 
On the other hand, the descendants of those very same horses, on 
American soil, have vastly improved, because they are better housed, 
and, in fact, are attended to by men of intelligence, who have im- 
proved in their method of breeding, and who know enough to im- 
prove their own interests. 

A cross between the Arabain and the Canadian, or Norman, might 
be advantageous, but at present we feel inclined to think that the 
modern Oriental is greatly overrated. 



CHAPTER SEVENTH. 

WHAT CAN BE SAID ABOUT PONIES. 

In ancient times, ponies were rarely spoken of ; but in the nine- 
teenth century, we, who inhabit the earth, ought to know them 
pretty well ; for indeed there are some which are as beautiful and 
docile as they are lovely, while others, like the Indian ponies of 
the North-west, and the war-horses of the Apaches and Comanches, 
on the western reserve of Texas, are as wild as March hares ; but 
when the latter are captured and trained, they are as quiet and obe- 
dient as one would wish. I know an instance where the attendant 
of the now celebrated trotter Rarus, bought a pony, in Dallas, 
Texas, for twenty dollars, and taught him to actually trot. Bring- 
ing that pony North, the owner captured many a shekel while on 
his way from Dallas to Brooklyn ; for everybody knew that the 
canter and gallop was the natural pace of the Indian pony ; but no- 
body ever dreamed of one trotting. 

The Mexican and Texan mustang are similar, and are undoubt- 
edly of Moorish blood and origin ; but how they ever got into our 

2 



26 HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 

Southern border State has been, and will always remain a mystery. 
They run from thirteen to fourteen hands high ; their limbs are 
very slight ; and their shape — well, it is no shape at all ; but they 
have long lean heads, fine manes and tails, and in their wide nos- 
trils show pure blood running in their veins. It is said by an au- 
thority, that they lack hardihood and endurance, but this is a 
mistake ; as I know from actual experience, that they will travel 
night and day, without rest, providing the rider will allow them to 
nibble the prairie grass, and give them a generous supply of w^ater, 
when crossing a stream ; and although they are not what would be 
called fast travelers, I will state, without fear of contradiction, that 
they will outlast any horse on American soil, for there is no tire in 
them, and, like the Norman horse, they do not fret at being 
ill fed. 

From what we have seen of said ponies in Austin, Texas, and 
west of it, we have a high opinion of them for their staying qual- 
ities ; for their easy carriage ; and above all, for their faithfulness, 
and their instinct in scenting danger afar ofp ; as we well know. 

People who are fond of special colors will have no difficulty in 
pleasing their taste, provided they go to western Texas ; for they 
are of every known color ; even unto piebald. Our constant com- 
panion and faithful friend, during our pilgrimage through Texas, 
was a bright bay filly, and the recollection of her goodness will 
never fade from our mind. 

The Indian pony of the upper Mississipi is an entirely distinct 
animal from the one already described ; and just as much so, as 
the Comanche Indian differs from the Sioux. He rarely runs 
over thirteen hands, and is compact in every particular, and hav- 
ing feet similar to the Canadian horse— all iron. A mule is not 
any more sure footed than this pony, and they will jog along at 
their leisure for a whole day under a saddle, or drawing a heavy 
wagon, without a murmur. They are as quiet and intelligent as 
their kin in Texas, and their courage is proveibial ; and there is no 



HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 27 

doubt but what they could be improved upon, by prudence, 
patience and good treatment. 

SHETLANDS AND SCOTS. 

The most remarkable of European ponies, and the ones most 
highly prized for the particular use made of them, are the Shet- 
landers, which do not measure over nine or ten hands. The shape 
is round, with a coarse mane like a lion ; a lean bony head, and 
handsome. The ears are very small, lofty and well placed ; and 
having clear, intelligent, and very large eyes, and their legs 
and feet are matted with hair, similar to the Normans and Cana- 
dians. A luxury to them unknown, is oats, but a bundle of wild 
hay or barley straw is a feast to them. They are not noted for 
speed, but will pull a couple of hundred pounds with ease, and 
travel at the rate of five miles an hour ; but in reality, they are 
only fit for boys and girls to ride, and in that sphere they are at 
home ; and yet they are very tricky, and like the ass, will throw 
their rider over their head once in a while, and then turn round and 
laugh at the unfortunate victim ; but will remain standing, until 
xemounted, and await a favorable opportunity to repeat a trick. 
All colors abound, except white and gray, which are very rare, and 
black is considered the best. 

There are no descriptions of ponies more worthy of particular 
notice than the Galloways and Narragansetts ; and, in fact, they 
ought not to be called ponies, for they are really a connecting 
link between a horse and a pony ; and in Ireland are commonly 
called "Cobs." The one was from Galloway on the coast of 
Scotland, and the other from Galway, in the west of Ireland ; and 
the two were so similar in appearance, habits and docility, that 
although they were separated by a wide sea, they were one and the 
same thing. 

In the first named place, they were noted for their speed, endur- 
ance and easiness of gait, and were highly prized for saddle purpo- 



28 HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 

ses ; but the breed is now extinct, so far as Scotland and England 
are concerned. Across the channel, however, the case is different ; 
for they roam in a semi-civilized state, as the poverty of the farm- 
ers, and the wild rudeness of the district of Galway, allow them to be 
as wild as our own western ponies. There is no doubt but that they 
descended from Spanish horses ; for in the fourteenth and fif- 
teenth centuries, Spain and Galway were intimately connected by 
commerce ; and it is not only in horses that the blood of the Span- 
iards can be traced, but also in the people of Connaught, the traces 
of Moorish blood can be seen even now. And then, again, when 
the Spanish Armada was wrecked on both coasts, the Span- 
ish ships were full of cavalry ; the horses, no doubt, saved their 
lives by swimming ashore, while their masters drowned ; and thus 
adding something new and valuable to the empire of Queen Eliza- 
beth. In endurance they are equal to our Texas ponies, and it is a 
pity that such a fine breed of animals should become extinct, for 
really they are worth preserving. As they are a pure race, of 
rare powers, we would suggest that some noted breeder would 
look into the matter, and rescue those splendid animals from the 
wilds of Galway, and breed a race of American " Cobs " that would 
become very popular m the course of a few years ; for no better 
saddle horses ever existed, and, as for docility and endurance, none 
can equal them except our own Indian ponies ; and the two together 
would make a splendid race of animals. 



CHAPTER EIGHTH. 

HINNIES AND MULES. ' 

Everybody knows that tlie mule is a cross between the ass and 
the horse ; but how many are there that know the difference 
between a hinny and a mule ? They have no idea that the two 
animals are distinct, and yet both are the offspring of the horse and 
the ass. But which is which ; and which is the other ? Can all of 
our readers answer this question before wading any further into 
this chapter ? 

I remember once seeing a negro in New Orleans use every effort 
in his power to make one of those stubborn brutes rise from the 
ground, where he had laid down, determined to stick it out if it took 
all summer. The day was very warm, and I stood laughing when 
Sambo would use his eloquence on that champion lyet-down ; and 
would condemn him when he used his rawhide unmercifully. But, 
to tell the truth, the darkey gave out first. The poor brute took 
all the beating without a murmur, and when the darkey got tired, 
the animal kind of smiled at him, which made him wax elo- 
quent, in the following words : 

" Now, you dog-gone mule, you's got puttin on airs with dis 
chile, 'case he is a darkey, and all de time you's a f orgettin dat 
your fader was a darn j ackass. " 

Now, to tell the truth, if that colored gentleman had any money 
I would have won it from hini on the spot, by way of punishment ; 
but as he had none, I approached him, saying : 



30 HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 

"Uncle, the father of that happy creature was not a jackass; 
and, another thing, he is not a mule." 

** Good lor, massa, if dat ugly reptile is not a mule, then he is the 
debbil ; but he's sure to be fixed when I cotch him home ; and now 
he can lay dere just as long as he likes, for dis chile can stand it as 
long as he can." 

I did not give him the necessary information, because it looked 
like so much knowledge thrown away, but left him in doubt as to 
whether he was driving a mule or a devil. It is unnecessary to 
state that he was not driving either, for, in fact, it was a hinny. 

I have no doubt but that there are a great many people in the 
same fix the darkey was in, and I will now tell them the difference. 

The offspring of the male ass and the female horse, is surely the 
mule, without a shadow of doubt. The offspring of the male 
horse and the female ass is the hinny ; and the surest way to dis- 
tinguish between the two is, the hinny neighs, while the mule brays. 
And this is not all ; for while the mule has all the external resem- 
blance of the ass, the hinny bears a more striking resemblance to 
the horse. Now, if we examine a little further, it will be seen 
that the mule has the temper and beautiful character of the ass in 
his nature ; and the hinny more of the horse. By a knowledge of 
these facts, which are full proof, the breeder is led to insist that 
the sire gives the greatest excess of blood and energy, and that he 
invariably finds that^ whether the mare be the most wretched one 
in existence, or a thoroughbred equal to Peytona, when the sire is 
a jackass, the mule of the ass type is the consequence. 

The hinny has a small, well formed head, the full tail, and flow- 
ing mane ; the form, feet, legs, and voice of the horse ; while the 
mule has an almost hairless tail, with ears slightly modified, slen- 
der legs, and the voice of the ass. What appears remarkable is, 
that the offspring of the male ass and female horse is generally a 
larger animal than that of the stallion and female ass, and very 
often larger than either of his parents. 



HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 31 

The mule which has for its sire the male ass, has all of his 
qualities — the patience, endurance, and faculty of keeping himself 
in good condition where a horse would starve ; and the sure foot 
of the ass, with his temper, stubbornness and vice ; while the hinny 
is hardier, more patient, and better able to stand privation than 
the horse ; but is inferior in all those qualities to the ass and the 
mule. At the same time, he is more gentle in temper, and nearer 
the horse in all Ms characteristics. Both the hinny and the mule 
are modified asses, as they both have more of the ass than the horse 
in them ; but that proportion of more depends altogether on the 
male, and not on the dam. 

It is quite clear that in all hybrids of the horse and the ass, the 
latter gives the greater proportion of internal and external charac- 
ter ; then, if we are breeding mules, on the courage, temper, and 
spirit of the he-ass, all will depend in the like production of the proge- 
ny — while, if the mare is sound and roomy, it makes no matter 
whether she is a mare pulling an ash cart or a pure thoroughbred. 

If it is hinnies we want, we must find the best stallion, in blood 
and bone ; while in the female ass, all we may look for, is soundness 
and size enough to give her room enough to contain a foal larger 
than her own progeny, as the hinny is likely to be. It is our opin- 
ion that the hinny is as good as he is handsome, compared to the 
mule, and superior to the latter for saddle purposes ; but being in- 
ferior to the horse for that specialty, and inferior to the mule as a 
beast of draught, he unluckily has no place of his own, and there- 
fore he has got a bad name and nobody will cultivate him. 

Mules are more largely bred in the United States than in any 
other country, if we except South America ; and, as beasts of bur- 
den, they are infinitely superior to any other animal. He can 
carry twice as much as the horse, if not hurried, and keep himself 
in good condition where the horse would starve ; and he will last 
twice as long as the average of horses. This will be an induce- 
ment to breed the mule, and to use him where he is best fitted. 



32 HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 

Asses are not bred to any great extent in the United States, the 
majority of them being imported, and it is of the greatest conse- 
quence that the proper jacks should be selected for the purpose 
designed. It is well to observe, right here, that the work of the 
mule will ever be in the field, and team draught on the road ; and 
in the far west they will be used as pack animals. 

While we try to raise the largest mules possible, thinking they 
are the best, the fact is, that the smaller animals are greatly super- 
ior for all the purposes intended of them. 

There are three different varieties of asses from which to 
breed ; the first of which is the Spanish jack, which gets mules 
for farming purposes. The next is the Andalusian jack, a degen- 
erated descendant of the Arabian species ; sprightly, high-spirited, 
and sufficiently strong for every purpose ; and the last is the Arab- 
ian jack, which stands in the same ratio to the ass, as the thorough- 
bred does to the horse. To breed from any of the aforesaid jacks, 
a mare standing fifteen hands in height, is sufficient stature ; but 
they should be roomy, long-bodied ' and bony. Well-selected 
Canadian or Norman mares will prove to be the best mothers of 
mules, and thoroughbreds will always prove to be the worst ; and 
all that remains to be said is, mules should be handled as young 
as possible, and then they will become gentle and lamb-like. 



' CHAPTER NINTH. 

POINTS IN HORSE BUYING. 

To become a judge of horses, one in whom confidence can be 
placed, and whose word is authority, it will be necessary to serve 
half a lifetime in the close study of the anatomy of the animal ; 
and even then, there are some who know no more than they did 
when they first started. There is a knack, about it, that comes as 
a gift, and this natural study and judgment of horseflesh is worth 
more than a man can learn in colleges during the whole space of 
his life. Still, there are persons of intelligence who remember 
what they have read, and they are not often deceived in matters 
of that kind, although it must be admitted that they are not thor- 
oughly posted. The amateur who wishes to buy a first-class horse 
for his own use, and who does not pretend to be a judge of the 
animal, must never buy at a horse fair, nor attempt to buy out of 
the breeder's hands ; but, instead, he must buy of some one whose 
character is above reproach, and who has some honor to lose. 
This kind of a dealer will try to get all he can for his horse, but it 
is verywunlikely that he will deceive the buyer, for his reputation 
for fairness and honesty i»at stake, and doing wrong once might 
ruin him. 

It is very often the case that breeders do not actually know 
themselves what their horses are, in regard to speed and soundness, 
having, perhaps, never tested the animal offered for sale ; but, by 
buying of the breeder, you may be pretty well assured that he 

beUeves the horse to be right. It is almost a certainty that horses 

3* 



34 HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 

in the hands of the breeder are never properly trained, and, unless 
the buyer is a perfect horseman, it will cost as much more to hare' 
the horse properly trained, before he can use him with safety. 

. Never imagine that perfection can be bought for a song, or that 
cheapness ever got a good horse, for a good bargain is always sus- 
picious, to say the least. If the animal offered for sale is very 
superior, has a showy appearance, a fine style of action, and the 
price asked is low, it is morally certain that such horse has a very 
bad fault, which time will surely discover. It will be always 
better to give the seller more knowledge than you possess, for he 
is aware of what he is doing, and you are guessing. Always pay 
a good price for a horse, taking a written guarantee that he is 
sound in wind and limb, and free from all blemish ; and then you 
will not likely be deceived, for everybody, horse dealers included, 
is shy of the law. 

Farmers' horses are the I'east difficult to buy, and the saddle 
horse is the hardest to select. The best points to judge a horse 
from, is his legs, for if they are bad and all the rest lovely, then 
he is worth nothing. The age and eyes are next to be looked at ; 
and as to the former, up to his seventh year, the marks in the 
teeth of both jaws plainly tells the number of years the animal has 
lived. The lower jaw varies every year until the eighth, when 
the marks go out of use. 

The jockeys have a rascally system of forging false marks on 
the teeth of horses that are aged, often making them appear five 
or six years old, when in reality they are eight or ten ; and is so 
deceiving, that sometimes old hands are caught in the trap. This 
is done with a file and the usual cautery ; but with all this, there 
are some signs which cannot be removed, and are easily recognized 
by anyone well posted. In a young horse, the crown of the tooth 
is oblong i». form, lengtfiiDise, or in the line of the jaw bone ; but 
in very old horses, the crowns change their shape, and become 
oblong across the jaw bone. 



HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 35 

Whenever the tooth has taken this form, or has become modified 
from the lengthy shape, it is dead certain that the horse is too old to 
be valuable. Another sign, is the length of the teeth from the crown 
to the r(iOt, looking like those of the hare or rabbit ; and the in- 
crease is regular with the increase of age. A buyer should always 
look to the points mentioned, as what one seeks to avoid is extreme 
age, not maturity, or even the beginning of decline. It matters 
little to a racing man whether the horse he buys is eight or nine 
years old, providing he is sound, and free from the effects of wear 
and tear ; but always remember, never to buy a horse under six, if 
required for hard use ; and if the animal be sound, and clean in the 
legs, it would be better to buy at eight or nine years old. 

Next to the legs, the eyes are the most important, and in which 
imperfection is often hard to detect, as there are some kinds of 
blindness which give no sign. While examing the eye, the horse 
should be in the stable, standing a little within the door, but never 
in the open air. The cornea is a perfectly transparent coat, placed 
in front of the eye, and inserted like a watch glass ; and if any 
whitish lines seem to cross it, they are signs to tell you of previous 
inflammation. If the centre and bulk of the cornea should be per- 
fectly clear, and the edge around it should have a ring of haziness, 
then the sign is true ; but the inflammation is not of a recent period ; 
but nevertheless it is likely to return. A simple way of detecting 
anything wrong about the sight, is to hold the horse by the head- 
stall, and after caressing him gently, so as to avoid alarming him, 
stand in front of the horse and move the fingers rapidly towards 
and across his eyes, carefully noting how he winks or starts ; but 
care must be taken not to create a current of air by moving the 
hand too quick, for that would cause a horse that was totally blind 
to wink and start back, just as if he could see. 

Next to the eyes, the condition of the lungs must be looked 
after, and this requires a careful examination ; and where one is 
found with any complaint of this sort, reject him on the spot, as 



36 HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 

such disease is never cured. This malady is caused by the rup- 
ture of one or more of the air cells of the lungs, and the loud, 
sobbing breath, heavy heaving and jerking of the flanks, tells the 
story. There are jockey tricks which will cover this disease for 
the space of three days ; but let the horse be galloped a hundred 
yards, up hill, and then let the rider spring quickly to the 
ground, and, putting his ear to the chest, the double expiration 
will be heard, even if the flanks do not move. Want of space in 
the lungs produces "thick wind," and the exertion in trying to 
breathe often leads to suffocation. Whistling, wheezing and 
roaring are modifications of thick wind ; and any animal subject 
to any one of these complaints will soon become exhausted, and, 
no matter what the form is, it will finally end in broken wind. 
All of these diseases are easily detected, for by catching the horse 
by the throat, he will be compelled to cough, and if sound, will 
cough only once, and then recover ; but if unsound, his cough 
will be broken, ragged and rattling, and he will recover his 
breath with a long, laborious effort. By hitting a roarer a sud- 
den slap on the belly, he will utter a loud grunt, and, when 
roaring becomes chronic, speed will bring it out ; but if he only 
whistles, the best way is to pull him up suddenly after a long 
gallop, and, bringing the ear close to the windpipe, the whistling 
will be heard for many seconds. There is no point in a horse in 
which an amateur is more likely to be deceived than in wind, and 
it will require the greatest caution to be able to find it out. 



CHAPTER TENTH. 

HINTS IN REGARD TO THE LEGS AND FEET. 

There is nothing more fatal to the horse than the diseases of 
the feet and legs ; for once a horse loses the power of traveling, 
he is useless, except for the stud, and even then he or she is 
worth but very little. The buyer should insist on driving the 
horse a'apidly on a hard road, and if there is any lameness in him, 
it will crop out immediately. When white hairs are discovered 
in smjiU spots, except on the face and feet, they are the signs of 
woun is ; and wounds of greater depth are often proven by bare 
spots, where the roots of the hair have been destroyed. If white 
spots' are seen on the knees, it is morally certain that the horse has 
at some time or other broken his knees by falling ; but this is noth- 
ing if it be healed, as it does not cause unsoundness. Still, a 
horse that has fallen once will, in all likelihood, fall again, and it 
is best to pass on all such. 

When examining the legs of a horse, the buyer should stand 
with his face broadside to the horse, and see whether he stands 
with his legs straddled, or with all drawn under his belly, or 
stands with the natural proportion of his weight on each leg 
squarely, or whether he favors one leg more than another, by 
placing it in a position where no weight is thrown on it. A horse 
may, from accident or impatience, point a toe forward once or 
twice, but he should be instantly brought back to his former 
position, and if he is then found to favor the same foot, there will 



38 HINTS AND HKLVS TO HORSEMEN. 

bo cause for suspicion ; niul if it is tlio toe of the fore foot, it 
mny be put lUnvn us disease of the colUn bone, which is jUmost 
incurable. If the horse has over beeu foundered, he uill show it 
by throwiui:; b(Uh friMit feet fi^rward and stretching the hind feet 
backward ; and if he stands with all his feet drawn together, he 
is sure lo be gone up. Should he bend his knees forwiud, and his 
h'gs become nervous, it is certain that he has been knocked all to 
pietH^s by hard driving or overwork ; but if he stands squarely and 
truly, leiming his weight on all his legs, then it may bo taken for 
granted that ho is all right as far {\s his pins are concerned. 

Curbed horses, or those having hocks curbed shaped, are to be 
avoided : but an old horse that has lione his sliai\> of work with- 
t>ut being curlH\l, must not be thrown aside bi^cause he has curby 
hocks; for if his early hi\rd work did not bring them out, there is 
ni> tlanger that he will do so now. The purch:iser must now stimd 
facing the horse's head, and observe if the horse moves his legs 
rt\gul}vr without favoring one or the other, and see if he is knock- 
kneed or Innv-knoiHl, and if either, he is almost sure to strike one 
leg with tlie luH>f ot" the other, a bad imd often dangerous fault. 
Cat-hiunnud hoi-ses are those whose hocks ju-e drawn in. and this 
is a sign of weakness This examination being over, the buyer 
will look tv) the seversil leg-s for marks of unsoundness, such as 
splints, ringbones, and danniged sinews in the forelegs, and in tlio 
hind leg's : bvuie. blovHi or bog spavins : curl^. thoroughpins and 
ringbones. These ;uv the points the buyer should look at ; but, 
even if he is a good judgi\ my advice is to never buy without a 
gUimmty that all is right, 

THK WAY TO FIND 011^ A llOKSE'S AGE, 

Theiv sire two sets of ttvth, the tirst of which is called the 
n\ilk teeth, which come In fon^ the horse is one year old : and the 
Sv coi\d are permanent, w hich tvme after the former have fallen 
out, :uid this is ivn\pleted when the horse is five years old. 



HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 39 

The nippers are the most uniform in their progression, and of 
these there are six ; those farthest from the centre are termed 
* * corner teeth. " These comer teeth, and, in fact, all of the nippers, 
are made of a bony substance, inclosed in enamel, which gives hard- 
ness to the teeth. The milk teeth gif e place to the permanent set, 
in the following order : the middle nippers at two and a half to 
three years ; the next pair at three and a half to four years, and 
the corner teeth at four and a half to five years. 

When five years old, the corners are up even with the other teeth, 
the mark is entirely worn out from the middle nippers, and partly 
worn from the next pair. 

When six years old, the mark is nearly gone from the second pair, 
and the outer edge of the comer teeth is worn down. 

When seven years old, the mark is entirely gone from the second 
pair ; the edges of the corner teeth are worn somewhat flat, though 
there is yet a slight cavity in the centre. 

When eight years old, the teeth of the lower jaw are worn entire- 
ly flat, the mark having disappeared fi'om all of them. The sur- 
face of the tooth has become oval in form, and the central 
enamel is long from side to side, and is near \o the front of the 
tooth. 

When nine years old, the middle nippers are rounded on the inner 
side, the oval of the corner teeth and second pair becomes broader, 
the central enamel is nearer to the inner side, and the marks have 
left the upper jaw. 

When ten years old, the second pair are rounded on the inner side, 
and the central enamel is very near to the inner side. 

When eleven years old, the corner teeth are rounded, and the cen- 
tral enamel becomes very narrow. 

When twelve years old, the nippers are all rounded, and the cen- 
tral enamel has entirely left the lower j^w, but it may be seen in 
the upper jaw. 

When thirteen years old, the middle nippers commence a triangu- 



40 HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 

lar form in the lower jaw, and the central enamel has disappeared 
from the corner teeth of the upper jaw. 

When fourteen years old, the middle nippers have become triangu- 
lar, and the second pair are assuming that form. The central 
enamel has diminished in the middle nippers of the upper jaw. 

When fifteen years old, the second pair have become triangular, 
the central enamel is still visible in the upper jaw. 

When sixteen years old, all of the teeth in the lower jaw have 
become triangular, and the central enamel is entirely removed from 
the second pair in the upper jaw. 

When seventeen years old, the sides of the triangle of the middle 
nippers are all of the same length ; the central enamel has entirely 
disappeared from the upper teeth. 

When eighteen years old, the sides of the triangle of the middle 
nippers are longer at the sides of the teeth than in the front. 

When nineteen years old, the middle nippers become flattened 
from side to side, and long from front to rear. 

When twenty years old, the second pair assume the same form. 

When twenty-one years old, all of the teeth of the lower jaw have 
become flattened fi'om side to side, their greatest diameter being 
exactly the reverse of what it was in youth. 



CHAPTER ELEVENTH. 

THE PROPER WAY TO FEED A HORSE. 

It is well known to those who thoroughly understand the horse 
and his habits, that his entire health, fitness for work, and, above 
all, his value, depends altogether on his food, the amount he eats, 
whether it is good or bad, and the punctuality in giving it to him 
at regular hours, I remember once in Washington, when Doctor 
Leiberman was lecturing me on account of my irregular habits of 
living, he actually compared me to a horse, which, at the time, I 
thought was horrid ; but now I know that he was perfectly right 
when he said: " If I feed my horse to-day at twelve o'clock, to- 
morrow at two, and the next day at eleven, my horse will not pull 
my carriage, and so it is with you. To be able to live and keep up 
your condition, you must eat regularly, and if not, you will be like 
my horse — not abl« to pull. " Careless grooming, wretched stabling, 
and ragged clothing is bad enough, but it must be said, that the 
evil most horses labor under, and the disgrace of most stables, is. 
bad feeding ; and often when the owner is -liberal in expenditures, 
and when nothing else is necessary, except intelligence, and a pro- 
per knowledge of the horse and his wants. 

A horse should be fed according to his work, and be^re he sheds 
a tear at seeing the first light of day, his dam should not only be 
well fed, but properly taken care of. If to ill-treat them before 
the birth of the foal, and expose them to the sudden changes of 
the weather without shelter, and without food except such as the 



42 HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 

mare can pick up in the pasture, then the breeder need not be as- 
tonislied at seeing an animal that ought never to have come into 
the world for very shame of its owner. ' * Penny wise and pound 
foolish " will never pay the breeder who undertakes it. 

From the time of its birth, a foal should be treated according to 
its blood ; and here be it understood, that no one expects a foal, thtf 
produce of a Norman, Canadian, or a cart stallion out of a common 
mare, and of whom it is expected to do nothing but drudgery all 
its life, ought to command the same attention and care that a thor- 
oughbred should receive ; but, nevertheless, it may be said, that 11 
it is worth the trouble to raise any kind of colt, it is worth while 
to raise a good one ; for to a man of feeling, the trouble is j ust the 
same. 

As the foal is growing, he should be petted, and coaxed to eat of 
oats out of the hand, and after awhile he will take to them kindly, 
and like ' ' little Oliver, " will be crying for more. Then please him 
by dealing out every day in his little trough a quart or two, and in- 
crease gradually to a full peck, during the first year ; and to two 
pecks added to his grazing in summer, and his chopped straw, hay, 
or other feed in winter, of his second year ; will reward his owner 
ten-fold all it cost him. 

A foal thus treated, at two years old, will be the equal of any three- 
year old that is treated otherwise, and this, in itself, exemplifies 
the story about " penny wise." Any man who is fond of children 
.will treat a foal, in the same spirit of kindness he would a child, 
and those who do not do it, look in their own light ; and even with 
an ordinary foal this kind of treatment will be a hundred dollars 
more in the owner's pocket when the foal is three years old. Good 
food to the^oal, and plenty of it, is like rain and sunshine to the 
flower, for both grow when kindly refreshed. 

Wlien we come to the working horse, and those that are supposed 
to be what is called fast working horses, give them more grain than 
hay, then watch the result. As for road horses, or a carriage team, 



HINTS AND HELPS TO HOESEMEN. 43 

from eight to ten pounds of the best hay, and twelve quarts of heavy 
oats, daily, is a sufficient allowance. On opening the stables every 
morning, the first thing that should be done, is to feed with a lock 
of hay and half a pail of water, and when the stables are thor- 
oughly cleaned, aired and littered, and when they are neatly 
groomed, give thpm the other half pail of water and four quarts of 
oats, unless they are going out ; and when they have nipped all 
this, indulge them still further with five pounds of hay, put in 
their rack, and let them remain dark and quiet. But should they 
have an early trip to make, give them six quarts of oats at their 
morning feed, but no hay. At noon, repeat the morning exercise, 
and after they return from their afternoon trip, they should be first 
cleaned, then watered, giving them the balance of the oats, and let 
them munch on the hay left in the rack until morning. This is 
diet enough, for one day, for horses that do not travel twenty 
miles a day, and do that at their leisure ; a few nicely washed car- 
rots, given once or twice a week, will improve their coat, be of as- 
sistance to their wind and stomach, and they will show signs of 
gratitude to the donor. A handful of clover, meadow grass, young 
corn, cut young, will cool their blood and greatly please them, 
making them fond of the hand that's kind to them. 

Medicine in man as well as horses is, as a rule, a humbug, for 
the more they get the more they need ; avoid it if possible, and, 
above all things, drive quackery out of your thoughts ; if the ani- 
mals do a hard day's work, and look played out from over exer- 
tion, make them a bran mash, and pour a quart of good ale into 
it. This will do them more good than all the drugs in a corner 
store. 

It will be found always best never to work horses for two hours 
after eating, for more horses have been ruined and foundered by 
being worked hard on a full belly, than from every other cause 
that can be put together. 

The harder the work, the sounder the food, is the right motto 



44 HTNTS AND IIia.rR TO IIORREMTCN. 

for every owner to follow, and in this case, his oats should be mul- 
liplied, and his liay held back a little. Dry hay is injurious to 
the wind, but oats can be given with a free will to a game and 
hard worker. Moistening the hay and oats, and adding a littlo 
salt to their food, once in awhile, will be found to work well, as 
horses arc very fond of salt and it gives their food a relish, and 
(;r(!at(^s an appc^tito. 

A great many horsemen have a fondness for nitre, and give it 
in the food, for the purpose of producing a fine coat ; but the wise 
owner will Hhun it, as finally it will injure the horse as much as 
opium injures the man. 

Water is the hoise's greatest bl(;rising, and should be given to 
him in abundance, wIk^ii Ik; is cool ami (juicit, but nev(!r when 
ov(!rheat('d, or immcidiately bi'fore going to work, or after coming 
from work. If I were fitting up a stable, I should have a water 
trough in (;v(Ty stall, with pure water running through it all the 
time, and lot the horse help himself at his leisure. Of course, 
when heated, jaded, or tired out, I would not allow him in the 
stall, but would pla(U5 him in another where there was no water, 
and k(!pt for ilial cHpceiul purpose. This theory may be 'ixcepted 
to, on th(! ground tliat the horse would drink too much and extend 
his stomach; but this objection I will answer right now, by say- 
ing, that the horse is more temperate, and less of a glutton than 
a man, for ho never drinks unless he is thirsty, and when he has 
enough, he knows when to stop. To be sure, if water was allowed 
to li<^ in the trough, or vessel, it would become stale, and full of 
impurities, which would injure the horse if ho drank it ; but the 
noble animal is too ])articidar aboiit what he eats and drinks, and 
uneUian water he would not touch. My idea, however, is to have 
a full contimial How of fresh, pure water, passing through a i)ipe, 
or in any other way that is convenient, which would supply all the 
troughs alike ; and having a waste pipe underneath to carry off 
the underflow to some pond or cistern where such water could bo 



HINTS AND Hra.PS TO HORSEMEN. 45 

used for other purposes. This could be accomplished at a small 
expense, and in the end the owner would be compensated in the 
health of his stock, and in enjoying the horse's enjoyment in being 
kept cool by the running waters, and in being able to keep him- 
self without neighing or nickering for assistance. 

In traveling long distances, for the first six miles of the journey, 
he should be driven at an easy gait, to aid his digestion ; then 
his pace may be made more lively, until nearing his destination 
or feeding place, when he should be eased up, and allowed to end 
his trip a little cool. While traveling, the horse ought to be 
watered every ten miles, and this will not hurt him, if the trip is 
immediately continued ; and a good rule would be to put a few 
handfuls of corn meal in the water, with a little salt added ; and 
this will not only prevent a chill, but at the same time feel like 
a solid meal. Although horses are the most temperate animals 
living, whether of the human or brute creation, still they have 
never been known to join any Society; and when on a long jour- 
ney, a cut of rye bread, steeped in ale, will do them more good 
than five quarts of oats ; and perhaps they won't like it ! Try 
them. 

When traveling, even if it is inconvenient to yourself, remem- 
ber the friend who is to obey your bidding, and carry you safely 
to the end of your journey. Have a little respect and consideration 
for him, and start at early daylight, and travel until eleven o'clock ; 
then rest until five, and drive until nine ; and at this rate, if treated 
kindly, and too much whip is not used, he will do his forty miles 
a day, for a month in succession, without injuring him in 
any way. 

When the day's journey is ended, and the ho^se should look 
somewhat tired, give him some thick, luke-warm gruel, as soon 
as possible ; and when cooled off, clean him well, giving him a 
bit.of hay to play with ; then properly blanket him, and bandage 
his legs, and after this is all over, give him his rations of 



46 HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 

water and oats ; a good bed, and sufficient bay, and on tbe mor- 
row, be will be as fresb as a daisy, and eager to continue tbe 
journey. 

As said before, a borse ougbt to be fed according to bis work ; 
but no matter wbetber bis condition be bigb or low, good feeding 
will pay in tbe end ; and tbis point tbe reader can bet on. 



CHAPTER TWELFTH. 

THE STABLE AND ITS ATTENDANTS. 

Our climate is so cbangeable, and tbe extremes are so far apart, 
tbat tbe importance of tbis question is undeniable. To be of genu- 
ine good, tbe stable, in summer, must be airy, cool and open, so tbat 
a continual flow of fresb air can pass througb all day long ; and in 
winter it sbould be warm, free from all draugbts, except wbat is 
needed for ventilation. Ill vapors, and sucb like, arising from 
natural consequences, sbould be abolisbed by pure ventilation ; and 
tbe borse sbould never be allowed to stand in bis own litter, be- 
cause it breeds wbat is called tbe scratcbes. 

Tbe ligbt sbould be perfect, since it is real cruelty to animals to 
keep tbem in tbe dark, depressing tbeir spirits, injuring tbeir 
bealtb, and very often causing blindness. As borses are of a cbeer- 
ful disposition, sociable in tbeir manner, and full of joy wben a 
known friend approacbes, it is a sbame and a sin to bide tbe ligbt 
of day from tbem ; for tbe Maker of all made tbe ligbt, not for 
man alone, but for all living animals. 

Tbe best public stable, where eigbty or one bundred borses are 
kept continually, I bave ever seen, is in tbe city of Austin, Texas. 
The stable was built purposely for tbe comfort and health of the 
borses ; and as the owner, Monroe Miller, takes not only pride, but 



HINTS AND HELPS TO HOESEMEN. 47 

interest, in the dumb animals lie owns, I take pleasure in recording 
the fact. His stable proper is 160 x 50, and every stall has its win- 
dow over the horse's head, with a miniature awning, to lower when 
the sun reaches that side. The ventilation is perfect ; and the drain- 
age is all that could be desired ; and what is the result ? When the 
epizootic was playing havoc with horseflesh in Texas, Mr. Miller 
did not lose a horse ; but, instead, it was the talk of the little city. 
Cleanliness, light and ventilation saved him, while in other stables 
king Death was snatching them away in a fearful hurry. To keep a 
noble and useful horse in a dark stable and then let him out in a 
hot summer sun, with the glare suddenly striking the eyes, is 
—what ? Well, I would not like to say. 

No stable, nor any part of one, should be under ground ; and it 
should have suflacient drainage, with a fall to every drain of an inch 
to every yard, to carry off the liquid filth of every stall. 

When this is looked at iu its right light, the farmer or breeder can 
see at a glance how he can save money by looking after the comfort 
of his animals. A few hundred dollars expended in this way would 
save thousands in time ; for when stock is taken sick, the surgeon is 
called in, medicine is procured, the services of the sick horse is lost, 
and, take it all in all, at the end of a few years it would cost the farm- 
er or breeder more money in trying to keep his horses well than it 
would to build a proper stable, and keep his animals in good health. 
Cobble stones, or red brick laid edgewise, makes the best flooring 
for a stable. A good sized frame building, loosely weather-boarded 
externally, lined at the distance of one foot with grooved and 
tongued inch boards, and having the intervening space filled with 
tan bark, will make a first-class country stable, because it will be 
cool in summer and warm in winter. 

" Cleanliness is next to godliness," the old saw says; and be- 
cause some horses, after a hard day's work in the field, or on the 
farm, are turned out to seek a resting place in the pasture, is no rea- 
son why they should not be kept clean. Cleanliness adds to health, 



48 HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 

and they, one and all, ought to be thoroughly cleaned daily, no 
matter whether they are turned out or in. 

Rubbing with the currycomb or brush circulates the blood, and 
makes healthy perspiration ; and no horse will carry a fine coat 
without it. The farmer will see the necessity of having his horse 
washed and curried every morning before breakfast, when I tell 
him that it will increase the spirits of the animal, and in fitting 
him for his day's labor ; and when he is brought home at night, wet 
through, covered with mud, and generally filthy after a hard day's 
work, in bad weather ; the man who does not see that horse 
cleaned off, and made comfortable, is not fit to belong to the So- 
ciety for' the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. If a horse is 
freely fed when in that state, inflammation of the lungs or bowels, 
and colic will certainly follow ; and if he is not cleaned, the 
" scratches " are the uatural consequence. 

The temperature of a stable should not be above 65 degrees, and 
the air should be very dry ; for any kind of moisture in the stable 
will hang around the horses like a mist ; and when the animals are 
brought into the air, they will shiver just as if they had a chill. 

Whenever the weather permits, the horse should be dressed in 
the open air, for it braces him up to a degree that is astonishing ; 
and I have never yet seen the necessity of the attendant using the 
currycomb as if he was trying to tear the poor animal's skin all to 
•pieces. Such cruelty ought to be prevented, and such stablemen 
ought never to be allowed to take a comb in their hands ; but, 
instead, give them a hair cloth, with which they can be as rough 
as they please, and it won't hurt the horse half as bad. In dressing 
the horse, the head should be first attended to, and the hair should 
be lifted gently, and combed lightly ; the ears should be pulled 
gently with the hand, and then the whole head should be washed 
carefully and tenderly; for there is no animal iiving, except the- 
dog, that appreciates kindness more than the horse. After the bal- 
ance of his body is gone over in like manner, he should be wiped 



m 



HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 49 

with clean straw till he becomes glossy ; and then, when his clothes 
are put on, the legs can be cleaned in the same way. When the 
horse is brought in wet and exhausted, and signs of inflammation 
show, steep a flannel bandage in cold water, wring it out, and fast- 
en loosely to the legs. Then cover with a linen bandage, drawn 
tight, and all signs of inflammation will pass away. 

This is about all that can be said in favor of the horse's health ; 
by attending to his comfort and wants, and by following the advice 
given, the farmer, or owner, will be repaid ; yea ! a hundred fold. 



CHAPTER THIRTEENTH. 

THE PKOPER WAY TO BREAK A HORSE. 

In the United States there is not one horse in fifty that is prop- 
erly broken, because the stock raiser takes no pains in educating 
him, being merely satisfied if the horse will pull a load, or take 
kindly to a saddle being placed on his back, expecting all the time 
that some buyer will come along and take him ojffi his hands. 
Now, this is all wrong, for a horse is like a human being in this 
respect ; for when a colt, he is like a child, and will learn anything 
you tell him, providing the faster does it all in kindness. *'As 
the twig is bent, so grows the tree," and this ean be said with truth 
about the horse ; for when young, he is flexible, and ready to fol- 
low where a good master leads ; naturally good natured and willing, 
until made vicious by the tricks of bad boys ; and there is many a 
bad horse to-day who would eat his own master up if he had a 
good chance, that would have been kind of temper and docile as a 
lamb, had it not been for the aforesaid boys. Now this ought 
never to be allowed ; boys should be punished for punishing the 

horse. 

3 



50 HINTS AND HELPS TO HQKSEMEN. 

A horse to be properly broken, must be under the complete 
control of his rider, or driver. He must be taught to carry his 
whole anatomy in the easiest manner possible, and, at the same time, 
be graceful in carriage. His neck must be like whalebone, yield- 
ing to hand pressure, and returning the head to its natural place 
the moment the hand is taken off. He must not have what is call- 
ed hardness of the mouth ; but if he should resist the pressure of 
the bit, it must be from high spirits and courage, and his mouth 
feel to the touch like satin. 

He must change his step at the bid of his di'iver, and must obey 
every word and touch of his owner 

How is this to be done? He should be handled by different 
persons, and be made acquainted with everything connected with 
harness, and then he will not be likely to run away, when any of the 
gear or trappings give way. 

While suckling, they should be coaxed and petted; eating an 
apple or carrot from the hands, aud taught so, that they would be 
afraid of nothing. A headstall having a ring attached, to which 
a halter can be made fast, ought to be thrown over them, and then 
they would learn to follow the person leading them in any pace 
desired. 

Shortly .after this, there may be strapped on their back a blanket 
for a short time daily ; and after, have stirrups and straps, which 
ought to be allowed to swing about loosp, and then he will be proof 
against fear, when the proper time comes to saddle him in earnest. 
When he is a year old, the bit should be put in his mouth once or 
twice a day ; and he should be allowed to play with it. 

After this, the colt should be worked in a circle, in a grass field, 
having attached to the bit a cord long enough to give him plenty 
of swing, and in this way the trainer can make him do his bidding ; 
stopping short when called on, or starting off on a gallop ; but the 
operator must be a man of patience, and, above all, good nature ; 
and if such is the case, the balance is only a matter of time. 



HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 51 

A great many people put their horses to work too young, and 
thereby kill all the life and spirit in them ; whereas, if they would 
not task the colt with any work that was not actually demanded 
in exercise, before he is five years old, they will add from eight 
to ten years to his lease of life, and really get more work out of 
him. 

Following this advice will end all the trouble in breaking a colt ; 
and as for putting him in harness, all that is necessary, is to hitch 
him up alongside of an old horse, on a light farm wagon, handle 
him easy, speak to him in kindness, and he will soon know what 
you want him to do. 

A wild colt who has had a picnic during his early years, should 
be kept in the stable for a week, and by degrees made acquainted 
with harness, wearing it for an hour or two each day. If it is 
not in the power of the trainer to harness him alongside of a 
gentle horse, then he should be shown the wagon, and allowed to 
smell it until it became familiar to him, and then he can be hitched 
up alone without any danger ; lead him kindly, speak to him gently, 
and assist him by getting hold of the shaft and pulling it along, so 
as the weight of the wagon will not come on him of a sudden, and 
he will become gradually used to it, and in the end rather like 
it. This is the proper way to train a horse, and unless the colt is 
very vicious from ill treatment, this mode will prove a certainty. 

The wagon and harness should be very strong, so as there would 
be no chance of breaking ; for an accident like that might work 
serious injury to the horse in after times, because he never for- 
gets anything that frightens him. Do not whip him if possible, 
try the gentler method ; but if you do whip him, don't let him think 
you are playing with him. If the horse is trained to the saddle 
first, so much the better ; but, if that cannot be done, the above 
instructions, if carried out, will compensate the person following 
them. 



52 HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 

THE PROPER WAY TO WORK A HORSE. 

There never was a greater mistake made than to say, that a man 
who owns a horse, and drives a horse, knows all about a horse ; 
for in a majority of cases, it is the very reverse. There are two 
classes of horses: work and pleasure; and all horses who do 
pulling and hauling heavy loads, are termed work horses, and the 
balance are horses of pleasure. It need only be said of working 
horses, that they should be well cleaned and fed, have their 
regular hours of rest, and plenty of time before their work com- 
mences, to digest their food. It is a mistake to say, that horses, 
having a long journey to go, are benefited by being driven slowly ; 
for if the road be good, the weather not too warm, and the load 
not very heavy, it will be better to drive him at the rate of eight 
miles an hour than at five miles an hour ; for then he will get to 
his stable sooner, be fed earlier, and have a longer rest for the 
trials of to-morrow. 

Of course, the work of farm horses is generally slow, and they 
do not need the same attention as fast working horses, and can be 
fed and watered at almost any time ; but with horses of pleasure, 
everything is different ; for as a rule, they are in the stable three- 
fourths of the time, and should never be taken out or driven on 
full stomachs ; which there is never any necessity for ; for if the 
stable man is apprized of their going out, he can fix the feeding 
time to suit the convenience of the horses. When harnessed, and 
the driver seated, he should never send them off with a jerk, or 
strike them with a whip ; but by speaking to them kindly, allow 
them to increase their speed by degrees ; but never force it. 

A steady pace, say ten miles an hour, is more preferable than 
sending them along by fits and starts. The less punishment a 
horse gets, the better for all parties ; although it is true, that a lazy 
horse along with a free one, must be kept up to his work ; or else 
the latter will be " played out " before half the trip is ended ; and 
in this case, the whip must be used ; but do it gently, so as to re- 



1 



HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 53 

mind him of his duty, but do not hm-t him ; and in no case should 
the whip be given to a horse that is exhausted, for no good is 
gained by it; while the result may be bad. Fear of the whip 
causes sudden starting and stumbling,, and as the whip cannot 
cure it, do not use it ; but get somebody to hold the horse's head, 
and when you are ready, let the man lead him along easily, and in 
this way he will get broke off it, after a while. 

A good driver, going at the rate of ten miles an hour, will not 
drive up hill and down hill at the same rate, but will guide him- 
self according to the road ; and ease them up in rough places. If 
traveling fast, horses should have a sip of water every hour ; and 
if going a long distance, one feed in the centre of the journey will 
be sufficient. As said before, kindness goes a long way with a 
horse. This is the best point I can give you, and do not forget it. 



CHAPTER FOURTEENTH. 

SIMPLE DISEASES CURED BY HIMJ'LE MKTIIODS. 

Too luuch iiKiclicino given a horso, aclH upon him tho sumo as it 
does in man ; lor the more lie gets, the more lie recjuin^H ; and, in 
fact, instead of relieving his complaint, it only adds to it. I know 
this by experience ; for once upon a time, I imagintid that I had all 
the ills that tlesh is heir to, and tlu; mon; 1 dcxttored, the worse I 
got ; until I happened to fall in tlu; hands of Doctor Longrigg, of 
this city, who, in his own bhml manner, told me up and down 
that mcdictine, as a ruhi, was a grand humbug, and th(^ less a man 
took, the better h(i would be off. Acting on his advice^, I abstained 
from drugs of all kinds ; and from that time to this 1 have continu- 
ed to imi)rove in lu^alth, and am now as healthy as any man ought 
to be. 1 rcder to this, believing that man and horse are construct- 
ed alike, and the less niedi(;in(! either get, tlu^ blotter for both. 

But there are times wheji simjjle j)urgutives will (ilean out tho 
system, and be a benefit to any animal ; and, in my opinion, the 
simplest is the best; so I i)ref(!r tlu; llonuepathic. Kyst(!m ; but as 
many believe in the other kind of treatment, 1 will try to give tho 
eaKi<'St and best remedies for all diseases contained in both systems. 

Jn any casc^, nevi'r allow a stable attc-ndant to dosc! a hors(! unless 
the owner is prescnit ; for there arc! more (piaeks (HMitered in and 
around stables, who have sp(U'ial cures of their own for all diseases; 
and of all their cures there is not one that is niliable. 

The best way to do in all cases is, to call in the best medical au- 
thority and leave the horse in his hands ; and if ho has any repu- 



HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 



55 



tation to lose, you can bet that he will do his utmost to cure that 
horse. There is nothing wonderfully secret in the diseases of the 
horse ; and any man of book sense, and common intelligence, can 
manage the case himself, providing he is not in striking distance 
of a veterinary surgeon. 

A man may lose a pint of blood and not miss it ; but take five 
quarts from a horse and you can study the result. We believe in 
mashes, no matter what the complaint is ; and purgation caused by 
drugs, we detest. 

In colic, inflammation of the bowels and lungs, relief must be 
instant ; but as colic and inflammation of the bowels are almost 
similar, when first appealing, great caution should be exercised by 
the owner. 

Youatt presents the two complaints in tabular form, as follows : 



Colic. 

Sudden in its attack, and -without 
any warning. Pulse rarely quick- 
ened, in the early period of the dis- 
ease and during the intervals of 
ease ; but evidently fuller. 

Legs and ears of natural temper- 
ature. 

Relief obtained from rubbing the 
belly. 

Relief obtained from motion. 



Intervals of rest and ease. 
Strength scarcely affected. 



Inflammation of the Bowels. 

Gradual in its approach, with indi- 
cations of fever. Pulse much quick- 
ened, but small, and often scarcely 
to be felt. 



Legs and ears cold. 

Belly exceedingly painful, and ten- 
der to the touch. 

Pain evidently increased by mo- 
tion. 

Constant pain. 

Great and evident weakness. 



The remission of pain in the one and the increase in the other, 
will show, to the practiced hand and eye, the difference in each. 
Weakness never comes in colic, but shows rapidly in inflammation. 
The pulse of the horse is felt at the lower jaw, near the junction 
of the neck and head ; place the thumbs on the cheek, outside, 
with the nail turned upwards, and pass the tips of the fingers 



56 HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 

under and inside the jawbone, feeling the artery, and ascertaining 
the beating of the pulse, and counting the number given in a 
minute. 

Thirty-five in a minute is the average in temperate climates ; 
and in Texas it ranges ten degrees higher ; but very often excite- 
ment causes a sudden quickening of the pulse, and the attendant 
should be as tender and fond as possible, so as to avoid any un- 
necessary alarm. Giving green corn or cold water, when the horse 
is heated, will produce both colic and inflammation. If the horse 
has colic, give at once, in liquid, held in a bottle, an ounce of lauda- 
num and three ounces of spirits of turpentine, in a pint of warm 
ale ; and in an instant the cm-e will be perfect. An injection of 
warm water, in which is dissolved an ounce of Barbadoes aloes, 
will put a stop to spasms. Rub the belly well with a hot flannel cloth 
and walk the horse gently afterwards, and the trouble will be over 
in a few moments. As the horse's blankets will be covered with per- 
spiration, he should be put in a roomy box and fed on bran mashes 
for a few days, and made to drink warm water, and nothing else. 

Bleeding is the best thing for inflammation of the bowels ; for 
after taking ten quarts from him, the swelling will subside. Give 
him all the warm water and thin gruel he will take, with two 
drachms of aloes dissolved in the water. 

Tincture of cantharides is an excellent blister, well rubbed in 
on his belly. The horse should be kept warm, with his legs band- 
aged, and the blood will begin to circulate ; but above all things, 
give him no grain, nothing but mashes; and after he re- 
covers, a handful of oats, three times a day, will do no harm. Fever 
and cold limbs always comes before inflammation of the lungs, and 
he will never lie down, day or night, and appears languid and 
careless about moving about ; and he will stand until he drops 
dead. In this case the horse must be bled, until he gets tired of 
standing ; and part of the blood should be held in a glass which, 
when cold, will show a thick buff color. Blister him with a pre- 



HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 57 

paration made out of four parts of lard, one of rosin, and one of 
cantharides, and rub strong and hard. Melt the lard and rosin to- 
gether and add the flies. Purging is not necessary in this case ; 
but a dose of nitre and tartar emetic given morning and evening 
will be of great benefit to the horse. Keep him in a cool box with 
legs well bandaged, warmly blanketed, and rub his skin without 
Irritating him. The great desideratum^ mashes, should be given 
hi u ; but no grain. 

This disease generally ends in broken wind, and the sooner he is 
got rid of, the better for his owner ; but all simple diseases such as 
a cough, constipation, worms, distemper, strangles, etc., should 
be cured by the owner himself, with common medicines, which 
can be 'had of any druggist ; and buy the same medicine you 
would use yourself, if having any of those complaints. As I have 
said many a time before, cleanliness and proper food knocks the 
life out of all disease ; and if the farmer or breeder adheres to the 
first principles of health, there will be little need of medicine. 

Bleeding is generally done in the jugular vein, with a broad 
bladed lancet ; and when the^vein is sufficiently pressed and se- 
cured, so as to cause it to swell, then the point of the lancet is 
sent in with the left hand, and cutting upwards, makes all the open- 
ing necessary. When sufficient blood is taken, the cut ought to be 
squeezed- together and fastened with a pin. By pressing the vein 
below the wound, the blood will shoot out in a stream and fall 
clear into the bucket ready to receive it ; and it would be a good 
thing if the same pail was used every time ; as the amateur sur- 
geon would be more likely to know how much it would hold. 

Medicine if given in balls should never be more than an ounce and 

a half in weight. Take the ball in the right hand, and with the bare 

arm, run into the mouth as far as possible, drop the ball with a 

jerk, and then it is forced down the throat ; but if it should get 

fast, touch the chin in a playful mood, and away it goes. 

Purgatives I do not believe in, as a general rule ; but as desperate 
3* 



58 HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 

cases require desperate remedies, I will say that aloes, fresh, are 
the safest I know of. Five drachms is a dose at any time, and if 
the horse should be fed for a few days on my favorite tnashes, a 
small dose of aloes will do as much good as a large one ; if the 
horse has not had his mashes, avoid castor, olive, and linseed oils, 
as you would a plague ; for although some smart jockeys still use 
those horrid dangerous drugs, they are no good, and very likely 
will do harm. 

The best remedy for constipation I have ever seen used, was the 
private invention of my friend Sam Richards, in Austin, Texas ; 
and what those people don't know of a horse, is not worth know- 
ing; it was merely an injection of suds, made out of Castile 
soap, having a little Croton oil mixed with it. Mashes, warmth 
and cleanliness will cure a sudden or common cough, but darn 
the medicine ; let it alone. 

Distemper is a common complaint in a colt or filly, but, like the 
measles in children, once they pass through it, there is nothing 
more to fear. If the poo: horse should be changed into a dog, at 
this period of his life, the majority of wise people would say that 
he was mad, because he refused water, and had a flow of saliva 
from the mouth, and a common discharge from the mouth ; but 
neither the dog or horse is mad in this stage. Blister, poultice and 
steam, and the end will not be far off : but always remember, clean- 
liness and proper food. 

Botts and worms give some people a great deal of uneasiness ; 
but both are harmless while in the stomach. Any common surge 
will bring the white worm out of his hiding place. Aloes and 
warm water, in shape of injections, are the best remedy for those 
little pests. 

Nitre will relieve the bladder from all imperfections, and force 
an easy flow of water. 

The scratches are caused by neglect in drying a horse's feet and 
heels, when wet after a hard day's muddy work. If not taken care 



« 



HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 59 

of, the hair drops off, the skin becomes glazed, and the heels swell ; 
the legs, nearly to the hock, are full of hard, thick scabs, from 
which matter runs that is very offensive. When this disease first 
appears, the free use of Castile soap and luke-warm water will work 
wonders ; and a bandage of flannel, wet in warm water, and allowed 
to dry on the part affected, will work well. Mix one ounce of lard 
with a drachm of sugar of lead, and anoint the sores ; while three 
ounces of alum, dissolved in water, and used as a wash, wherever 
the cracks appear. All high food should be kept away from him, 
and after a couple of days' diet on bran mashes, five drachms of 
aloes given in a ball will effect a cure ; but when the disease is al- 
lowed to cure itself, which it never does, carrot poultices must be 
put on very hot ; and, when taken away, an equal mixture of rosin 
and lard, melted together, to which add one part of calamus, and 
use as an ointment. Whenever there is fever, poultices made out 
of carrots will be found very beneficial. 

Another simple ailment is known as the thrush, which is a dis- 
charge of nasty matter from the frog of the foot. Get an ounce of 
white vitriol, two ounces of blue vitriol, which must be powdered 
very fine, and rubbed into two pounds of lard and one pound of 
tar. Cover a bundle of tow with this preparation, and, without 
any force, put it in the frog as far as you can, and remove it every 
morning. Keep the feet moist with cow dung, tar and soft clay. 

Wh^n a horse falls lame, after shoeing, examine the foot and see 
if the hoof has not been pricked by the driving of nails into the 
flesh. If so, inflammation will follow, and the shoe must be taken 
off, the nail removed, and the hole made must be opened out by 
paring; when a bundle of tow, saturated with Friar's Balsam, 
should be^ driven into the hole or sore. 

BROKEN KNEES. 
Where a knee has been broken by a fall, the wound should 
be washed carefully with luke-warm water, and all sand, gravel 



00 HINTH AND IIICLPS TO HORSEMEN. 

or (lilt muHt be iiiHlaiitly rciiiovcd ; and if then! Ih much flwolliiig, 
do not poidticc, but f(!nn(;nt it. Kv.vp (everything Htiniuhiting, 
jiHtring(!nt or wunn, in the way of poultices, away, and in a 
HJiort time the horse will begin to improve. Wh(!n one; foot is in- 
junid by tho caulks of the other, the above treatment willluive the 
same ciTect. Strains, contusions, or wrenches, ought to be band- 
aged with flannel, steep(;d in hot vln(!gar and wat(!r, and repeated 
constant will (^nsun; a cuw. ; ])ut wh(!n there is much swelling, j)()ul- 
lices of carrots, linsciedor turnips, sliould be bandaged tightly ; and 
wh(;n th(! iiilliunmation i)asH(;M away, and lameness and weakness 
continue, that part ought to be bandaged nightly with a cotton 
cloth, steeped in cold watc^r, and tightly wrappcul in a double 
llanncl above that i)art. This will effect a permanent euro nine 
times out of ten. 

All 8imi)le complaints can ho attended to and cured by any per- 
son if the above advici! is followed, and the ingredients mentioned 
can be found in every hous(! ; ])ut for all serious accidents or mala- 
dies, it would b(5 nons(!ns{! to attempt to cure from simi)le recipes, 
and in such cases the best medical treatmeut is compulsory. 



CHAPTER FIFTEENTH, 



HOMCEPATHY FOR THE HOKSE. 



Hahnemann says : * ' In order to cure a disease, select such a 
remedy as is capable of producing a similar malady in a healthy 
person, and of such a remedy prescribe only a small dose." 

Now, whether this is so or not, I will not pretend to say ; but 
this much I do know, and that is, that I would not like to be the 
healthy person experimented on ; but believing that the simplest 
remedies are the best when compelled to resort to medicine, which 
I disapprove as a rule, I then pin my faith to homoeopathy, be- 
lieving that of the two systems this is the best. 

The medicines used in this treatment are generally in liquid form, 
and the greatest care should be taken in the mixing. The ingre- 
dients can be purchased at any drugstore, and are so cheap, that 
the farmer ought to keep a full assortment in a medicine chest ; 
and as each article will last for years, I think this would be a good 
policy. 

Another reason why I like this system of doctoring is, that the 
name of each particular medicine is familiar to everybody, and if 
they do no good, they can do no possible harm, being nothing but 
herbs, barks, and vegetable matter that we often have heard onr 
grandmother speak of in good old English. What harm can there 
be in the following, if used with discretion ; 



G2 



HINTS AND lIKl.rS TO JCOHSKMKN. 



Wolf's-Hane 

Antimony, 

LKOrAKD'S-lUNK, 

AIuRiATio OK Ammonia, 

AllSKNK!, 

J)KA1)1,V NiOin-SlIADE, 

WlllTIO HUYONY, 

Oaiuionatk ok Lime, 

('AMrilOll, 
IIKMI", 

Si'ANiHH Fly, 
Vkoktahlk, 

('AUSTK!, 

(!lIAMOMll.K Kl.OWEU, 
I'KKUVIAN HAJIK, 
VVOICM SlCKI), 

Mkadow Makkkon, 
ii km lock, 

JllTTKK-SWKKT, 

Eye Ukkhit, 
SiLVKIl OK Sui^riiuu, 
II KN IUNK, 
Il'KC'ACUANIlA KOOT, 
CAKUONATK OK I'OTAHH, 
(Jl.UlUJ JMOHS, 



COIIIIOSIVK SlUfMMATE, 
SOLUIilJO MkKC'UKY, 
(iUICKHILVKIl, 

KiTCiiKN Salt, 

HALTI'KTRK, 

VoMU) Nut, 

VVlllTK I'OI'J'V, 

I'llOSl'llOKUS, 

I'LATINO, 

Mkadow Anemone. 

HUMAC!H, 

Savina, 
SruuHKi) Rye, 
CUTTLK-F1811, 

SlLKX, 

lUlKNT SrONUE, 

Ska Onion, 

SriNK VVKKl), 

IJkimstone, 
Tkkk ok Like, 
White IIkllhorb, 
T A UTAH Emetic, 
Nitric Acid, 
IMiosi'iiORic Acid, 
Tincture Suli'iiuk. 



There they are, and where is llic one that (;very country boy is 
not acquainted With ? As they are put up in liquid nhapc, talce a 
piece of bread, and put six drops of th(^ medicine on it ; then raiae 
the liorse'H liead, i)ress down the tongue, and pull it out as far as 
l>osHible, and then place the dose as far back as you can ; close the 
moulh with the hand, and with a gentle tip und(!r the chin, the 
hoiH(^ will be (toinpelled to swallow th(^ piece of bread. 

When the first d()S(! a(;ts favorably, and then a relapse should take 



l)la(U' 



icond d()S(! of the same medicine. In all rapid 



diseases, such as pneumonia, ghuidcrs and i)leura, the medicine 
should b(! given every five, ten or liftcen minutes. In serious dis- 
eases, an improvement is always shown after the first dose, and 
that is the time to repeat it, when the second dose will, in all liko 
lihood, ])(!rfe(;t a cure. When the disease becomes chronic for the 
time of four days, the medicine should be given as described ; but 
if there are any signs of the complaint becoming better, then stop 



HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 63 

giving medicine for awhile ; repeat the medicine if the improve- 
ment stops ; and if there should be no improvement in a few days, 
change the medicine. 

For burns, bruises and all other injuries, take arnica, Symphytum 
and urtica urens, from twenty to thirty drops in half a pint of 
water, and according to directions given use it. In this treat- 
ment, as in everything else, a proper diet, and attention to cleanli- 
ness will have great weight in assisting the medicine to make a 
cure. Everything that interferes with the regular mode of physic- 
ing, must be disregarded ; but simple injections of salt water and 
soap will do no harm. Half an hour should intervene between the 
medicine and food. 

In the treatment of sick animals. Rush says : As soon as an animal 
becomes sick, let it be immediately placed in a house by itself. This 
is necessary, both for the welfare of the sick animal and for the 
safety of others. The house that the animal is placed in ought to 
be warm, wel^ lighted and ventilated, and, above all, kept scrup- 
ulously clean. Let the person who attends to the wants of the 
animal, be very cautious to approach in a quiet manner, never 
making any unnecessary noise, or do anytliing to irritate the ani- 
mal, when in a state of health. 

In rapid diseases, no food should be given, until there is a change 
for the best, and then in light feeds. 

Bran maybe given either dry or wetted, whichever way the 
animal prefers it. 

Oats may be given mixed with the bran, either raw or crushed, 
or whole or boiled. 

It is necessary to keep the animal without food or water for half 
an hour before and after administering the medicine. 

In acute diseases, it is necessary to repeat the dose every Jive, ten, 
fifteen or twenty minutes. 

In less acute diseases, every two, four, six or eight hours. 

In chronic diseases, once in imenty-four hours is sufficient. 



64 HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 

KEMKDIES FOR SPECIAL. DISEASES. 

The principal medicine to be used in this disease is Sulphur, of 
which six drops must 'be given every daj'^ for three weeks; after- 
wards, the following medicines will be found useful : Arseuic, 
Cuttle-Fish and Sumach. If the hair falls off, and the skin, 
becomes loose and flabby, or if there are any ulcers with hard ^ed 
edges, use Arsenic. 

Do.se— Six drops night and morning. 

Outtle-Fish, if the parts affected are tender, and the animal 
shrinks when touched, or if there are white looking blisters filled 
with a watery fluid. 

Dotfe—Slx drops night and morning. 

Sumach, if there are hard, elevated patches or scabs that do 
not fall off of themselves, and, if taken off, others • soon form in 
their places. 

Dose— Six drops, three times a day, until better. • 

Remedies. — Wolfs-Bane, Arsenic, Peruvian Bark, Sumach and 
Tree of Life. 

Wolf's-Bane, if accompanied with fever, in which case the 
swelling is hot and painful, the animal refuses to eat, is restless, and 
moves about from place to place. 

Dose — Six drops or twelve globules, three or four times a day. 

Arsenic and Peruvian Bark alternately, if the swelling is cold. 

Dose — The same as prescribed for wolf's-bane. 

Sumach, if with hot swelling there is great stiffness of limbs. 

Dose — Six drops or eight globules, morning, noon and night. 

Tree of Life, if there are any pimples or hard patches, or if the 
animal frequently stretches his limbs, and a crackling is heard at 
the same time. 

Dose—'VhQ same as the last. 



HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 65 

Scratches- 

Rkmedies. — Tree of Life^ Spurred Rye^ Arsenic, Quicksilver and 
Sulphur. 

Tree of Life, both internally and externally, if they are bluish 
and brownish excrescences, which bleed on the least touch, and 
there is a discharge of fetid matter. 

Dose — Six drops three times a day ; at the same time the parts 
may be bathed with the strong tincture night and morning. 

Spurred Rye and Arsenic may be used in alternation, if there is 
a watery swelling or dark looking ulcers, with fetid discharge. 

Dose — The same as directed in the last ; internally. 

Quicksilver, when there are numerous small ulcers that dis- 
charge a thick matter, and bleed when touched. 

Dose — Six or eight drops twice a day. 

It is necessary to give a dose of Sulphur once a week during 
the treatment, and keep the legs clean by washing them with 
warm water. 
Forni-der. 

Remedies. — Wolfs-Bane, White Bryony, White Hellbore, Ar- 
senic and Sumach. 

Wolfs-Bane, if there is inflammation ; the animal stands as if 
rooted to the spot, the breathing is hurried and interrupted, the 
breath is hot, and the pulse accelerated. 

Dc»«<3— Six drops every one, two and three hours. 

White Bryony, complete stiif ness of the limbs, with swelling of 
the joints. 

Dose — Six drops every two hours. 

White Hellbore, if it is brought on by violent exercise. 

Dose — The same as wolf's-bane. 

Arsenic, if it is caused by bad or heating food, or after a cold 
drink when overheated. 

Dose — Six drops every one, two and three hours. 



66 HINTS AND HELPS TO HOKSEMEN. 

Sumach, if there is much pain in the feet, and the animal is very- 
stiff in his movements. 

Dose — Six drops or eight globules three times a day ; at the Bame 
time the limbs may be bathed with a solution of Sumach, extern- 
ally, twice a day. 

Hide Bound. 

Remedies. — Arsenic, Antimony, Qidclcsilver and Sulphur. 

Arsenic, if there are hard scurvy patches about the skin, cold- 
ness of the skin, general emaciation and loss of strength. 

Dose — Six drops three times a day until better. 

Antimony, if there are rough scales on the skin, coat very rough, 
loss of appetite, and excessive thirst. 

Dose — Six drops in a little water night and morning. 

Quicksilver, if the animal has fits of shivering ; the hair falls off 
from various parts and leaves the skiruof a dull leaden color ; vora- 
cious appetite, or unnatural appetite ; eating of dirty litter and 
even dung. 

Dose—^ix drops night and morning. 

Sulphur, as an intermediate remedy, may be given twice a week 
during the whole treatment. 

i)(?«e— Six drops in a little water. 

Remedies.— rmciwr^ of Sulphur, Phosphoric Acid, Sea Onion 
and Arsenic. 

Tincture of Sulphur is considered most specific for this disease. 

Dose^^ix drops night and morning, until cured. 

Phosphoric Acid is used in the same way, providing the former 
does not reach the disease. 

Sea Onion, if there is fever or inflammation of the parts. 
Dose — Six drops night and morning. 



HINTS AND HELPS TO HOESEMEN. 67 

* Arsenic, if the discharge is very fetid, and there is lameness, 
the foot very hot and painful. 
Dose — Six drops three times a day. 

IMeg-rims. 

Remedies. — Wolf's-Bane, Deadly Night-Shade, Arnica, Opium 
and Sulphur. 

Wolf's-Bane will be serviceable, and may always be given, es- 
pecially if dui'ing an attack the horse falls down, and in trying to 
get up, falls. 

Dose—Yoxa: drops every hour imtil delivered, after which it may 
be repeated at longer intervals, increasing them until the horse is 
cured. 

Night-Shade, if the animal turns quickly around, falls down 
and continues to struggle and lie quietly. 

Dose — The same as before. 

Arnica, if the disease is supposed to arise from mechanical in- 
jury- 

Dose — Six drops every hour. 

Opium, if the animal lies stupid as if dead. 
Dose — The same as the last. 

Iiiflaim.iii.ation. of tlie DBrain. 

Remedies. — Wdfs-Bane, Deadly Night-Shade, White Hellbore 
and Opium. 

Wolf's-Bane, in the very commencement of the disease, if the 
pulse is accelerated, fever, congestion towards the brain, rapid 
breathing, and trembling of the whole body. 

Dose — Six drops every twenty minutes until several doses have 
been taken, or the violent symptoms have passed away, after 
which the following remedy should be thought of : 



68 HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 

Belladonna, if the animal has a wild look and dashes about furi- 
ously, which indicates violent congestion of the brain. 

Dose — Six drops put on the tongue every thirty minutes, until 
the violence is subdued. 

White Hellbore, if the legs and ears are very cold, with trem- 
bling of the whole body ; or where there is a staggering motion, 
and the horse plunges, falling head foremost. 

Dose — The same as the last. 

Opium if, after the fit, the horse stands perfectly quiet, with 
eyes fixed on vacancy, and the tongue black or leaden in color. 
Dose—^'xx. drops every half hour, according to his condition. 

Remedies. — Wolf's-Bane, Nux Vomica, Bitter-Sweet, Sumach, 
White Bryony, Arsenic, QaicksiCver and Meadow Anemone. 

Wolf's-Bane will be useful in the beginning of the disease if 
there is fever and heat of the body, restlessness, short breathing, 
red urine, thirst violent, and the nostrils stopped up. 

Dose — Six drops every three hours, until better. 

Nux Vomica, if the tongue be coated white, with the mouth 
dry, a nasty odor coming from the mouth, and a bloody or watery 
discharge from the nose. 

Dose—^\x drops twice a day. 

Bitter-Sweet, if the attack is brought on from exposure, and the 
horse is drowsy. 
Dose — Six drops twice a day. 

Sumach, if- the cough is short and the nostrils stuffed up. 
Dose— Fowv drops three times a day. 

White Bryony, if the breathing is difficult, the cough dry, and 
the nose swelled. 

Dose— YoMT drops three times a day. 



. HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 69 

Arsenic, if the discharge continues too long, the nostrils become 
corroded. 

Dose— Six drops twice a day. 

Quicksilver is good in the first stage of the disease. 

Dose — Six drops three times a day. 

Meadow Anemone, if the discharge is green and the cough 
loose. 

Dose — Six drops three times a day. 

Remedies. — Bttter-Sweet, Nux Vomica, Sea Onions, WJdte Bry- 
ony, Muriate of Ammonia, Meadow Anemone and Cluhh Moss. 

Bitter-Sweet, if the cold comes from exposure, and there is a 
slight discharge from the nose. 

Dose — Five drops three times a day. 

Nux Vomica, if it be a dry cough, and when leaving the stable it 
commences. 

Dose — Five di'ops three times a day. 

Sea Onions, if the whole body shakes, and the horse groans be- 
fore coughing. 

Dose— FoMv drops twice a day. 

White Bryony, if the cough has lasted for any length of time. 

Dose—^\x drops night and morning. 

Muriate of Ammonia, if th"fe horse is losing flesh, and about to 
choke or vomit. 

Dose — Four drops every three hours. 

Meadow Anemone, if from the cough there comes a bad smell, 
or the horse becomes easily frightened. 

Dose— Your drops every three hours. 

Clubb Moss, if drinking incites the cough, and makes it come 
on in fits. 

Dose — Six drops three times a day. 



70 HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. • 

During this sickness, raw or boiled carrots are the best food to 
give the horse, Avith plenty of oats and mashes thrown in. 
Sore Tlivoa^t. 

Kkmkdies. — Wolf's-Bane^ Quicksilver, Belladonna, Burnt Sponge, 
Cluhb Moss and Sulphur. 

Wolf s-Bane, if the fever is attended by dry heat, and the parts 
touched afe red and swelled, with great thirst and swallowing not 
easy. 

Dosc—FowY drops every two hours. 

Quicksilver, if the glands of the neck arc swelled, and much 
frothing of the mouth. 

Bose—^ix drops three times a da}'-. 

Belladonna, if the breathing is difficult and the throat shrinks, 
with difficulty of swallowing. 

Bose—^ix drops three times a day. 

Burnt Sponge, if the breathing is accompanied with a rattling 
sound, and the horse, in turning his head, appears to be suffo- 
cating. 

Bose—Slx drops every two hours. 

Sulphur, in contrary cases, with painful swelling. 

Dose — Six drops night and morning. 

Clubb Moss, if the mouth smells badly, with sweating and 
swelling of the under jaw. 

Bose—Six drops morning and niglft. 
Iiillamiiifvtioii oPtlxo Idling's. 

Kemedies. — Wolf S-Bane, Phosp)horus, WJdte Bryony, Belladonna, 
Tartar Emetic, Liver of Sulphur, Quicksilver, Ipecacuanha, Sumach, 
Sea. Onion and, Sulphur. 

Wolf s-Bane, if there is much fever and a quick pulse, dry skin 
and thirst, this remedy is considered the best if used immediately. 

i)(>s<3— Four 'drops every twenty minutes for three hours, and 
then lessen the dose. 



HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 71 

Phosphorous may be used^ after wolf s-bane has eased the pain. 

Dose— Four drops every two hours until the violence ceases. 

White Bryony can be used if the breathing be difficult. 

Dose—^he same as the last. 

Belladonna, if the cough is dry, and the breathing difficult. 

Dose — The same as the last. 

Tartar Emetic, if the cough comes on irregular, and the pulse 
can hardly be felt. 

Dose — Four drops every three hours. 

Liver Sulphur, if abscesses are formed, and the breathing is 
deep. 

Dose — Six drops three times a day. 

Quicksilver, if the cough is dry, and the discharge great, 
smothered breathing, and sweating. 

Dose — Six drops three times a day. 

Ipecacuanha, anxious breathing, red eyes, and a noisy throat, 

Dose — Six drops every two hours. 

Sumach, if the chest is oppressed when breathing, the nose red 
and painful to the touch, and a spreading of the legs. 

Dose — Six drops every two hours. 

Sea Onion, violent cough, and a longing wish to urinate. 

Dose— Four drops every two hours. 

Sulphur, getting relief by spitting, with discharge of lumpy, 
green matter. 

Dose— Six drops three times a day. For the first few days no 
food must be given, except cold bran mashes, carrots, and a little 
hay ; but if everything goes on right, a dose of oats can be given. 
Cleanliness and plenty of cold water will work the rest. 

Influenza.. • 

Remedies. — Wolffs-Bane, Quicksiher, Belladonna, Arsenic, and 
White Bryony. 



72 HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 

Wolf's-Bane is always used in the commencement, and if swell- 
ing, sneezing, or dry cough is shown, and running pool from the 
nostrils. 

Dose — Four drops every three hours. 

Quicksilver, if the eyes water, the light is offensive and the 
throat is filled with matter. 

Dose — Six drops three times a day. 

Belladonna, when the eyes are inflamed, fluids are hard to swal- 
low, and the head is affected. 

Dose— Four drops every three hours. 

Arsenic, if the body be heated, evacuation, bloody and loose, 
and a general weakness. 

Dose—Fowx drops three times a day. 

White Bryony is very useful, and may be substituted for 
wolf's-bane, if the latter has no effect. 

Oripes. 

Remedies. — Wolf's-Bane, Arsenic, Nax Vomica, Opium, ChamO' 
mile Flower, Meadow Saffron and Henbane. 

Wolf's-Bane, if the pulse is fast and the mouth dry. 

Dose — Four drops every fifteen minutes ; and if the third dose 
does not bring relief, take up the next remedy. 

Arsenic, if indigestion or bad food is the cause. 

Dose — Six drops every hour. 

Nux Vomica is only useful when constipation is the cause. 

Dose—'^ix drops every hour. 

Opium, when nux vomica fails, opium will be a success. 

Dose—Fowv drops every two hours. 

Chamomile Flowers, when the horse is restless, and the bowels 
are relaxed, and an evacuation soon follows an attack of pain. 

Dose—^ix drops every hour, until the case improves. 



HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 73 

Meadow Saffron, if green food is the cause, and the horse 
strikes at his belly with his hind feet. 
Dose — Six drops every hour. 

Indig-estioii.. 

Remedies. — Antimony, Ipecacuanha, Nux Vomica, Arsenic, 
Peruvian Bark, Silex and Sulphur. 

Antimony, if the appetite is lost, and there is a craving for 
drink, with offensive discharges. 

Dose — Six drops night and morning. 

Ipecacuanha, if the passage is green, and the food is vomited. 

Dose — Six drops night and morning. 

Nux Vomica, in case of constipation, this remedy is very good. 

Dose — Six drops night and morning. 

Arsenic, if diarrhoea comes with bloody discharges. 

Z)<?se— Six drops twice a day. 

Peruvian Bark is good for a young horse, especially if the 
complaint is caused by overwork. 

Dose — Four drops three times a day. 

Silex will ease the perspiration. 

Dose — Four drops three times a day. 

Sulphur can be given in any stage of the disease. 

Diarrlioea- 

Remedies. — White Bryony, Arsenic, Sulphur, Chamomile Flow- 
ers, Meadow Anemone, Bitter-Sweet and Peruvian Bark. 

White Bryony is good when the complaint is brought on from 
sudden heat or cold. 

Dose— Six drops every three hours. 

Arsenic, if without pain, and caused by green food. 

Dose — Six drops every two hours. 



74 HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 

Sulphur can be given with Arsenic, when the passages are 
offensive. 

JDose— The same as the last. 

Chamomile Flowers are good when the horse is restless, and the 
belly commences swelling. 

Dose — The same as the last. 

Meadow Anemone, if there is a disgust for food, and the 
stools are frequent, with wind plenty. 

Dose— Six drops three times a day. 

Bitter-Sweet is good when colic accompanies the disease. 
Dose — Six drops three times a day. 

Peruvian Bark, when the complaint becomes intermittent. 
Dose — Six drops three times a day. 

IiiflamiTiatioii oftlie I5o^v»^els. 

'Remebies. — Wolf's-Bane, Sumach, Nux Vomica and Arnica. 

Wolfs-Bane is the chief dependence in this complaint, and 
should be given until the pain is eased. 

Dose — Six drops every fifteen minutes. 

Sumach, if the belly is in a sweat, and the urine comes fre- 
quent, with a hot and cold feeling. 

Dose — Six drops every two hours. 
■ Nux Vomica, if after the trouble is all over, the bowels are 
constipated. 

DoseSiK drops morning and night. 

Arnica, when the passages are nothing but slime, and the urine 
is retained, there will be found virtue in this remedy. 

Dose — Six drops every hour. 

W orniN. 

Remedies. — Wormseed, Sulphur and Soluble Mercury, 



HINTS AKD HELPS TO HOESEMEN. 75 

Worm Seed, if the horse is continually rubbing, and there is 
an itching of the parts, after a discharge of worms. 

Dose— Six drops three times a day. 

Sulphur, after a hard passage. 

Dose— Six drops three times a day. 

Soluble Mercury, if, after a discharge of large worms, there is 
a thumping of the sides, and soreness. 

Dose — Six drops twice a day. 

IixflaiMiiiiation of the Itidnejj^s. 

Remedies. — Wolf's-Bane, Arnica, Bitter-Sweet, Hemp and 



Wolf's-Bane is very good, if the urine deposits a thick muddy 
gathering. 

Dose— Six drops three times a day. 

Arnica, if an accident is the cause of the trouble this remedy 
will be found excellent. 

Dose — Six drops morning and night. 

Bitter-STwreet is very good if exposure is the cause. 

Dose — Six drops morning and night. 

Hemp, if the horse paws the ground, strains, is restless, and" 
kicks at his belly. 

Dose — Six drops four times a day. 

Quicksilver, if the horse makes water too fast, and perspires 
profusely. 
Dose — Six drops four times a day. 
Remember always, that cleanliness is next to godliness. 



CIIArTER 8TXTKENTIT. 

WHAT VKTICIilNAUY SURGEONS DO. 

There are a great many little odds and ends that the amateur 
can attend to without any knowk'ds^e of the theory of surgical op- 
erations, providing he has intelligence enough to be practical. It 
is true, that a graduate could do all of tluso things better tlian nn 
amateur, but there arc times when a profc^ssional is not within 
reach, and in such a case, it is well to know all the httle secrets 
connected with the business. Farriers are as thick as snakes, from 
Maine to Texas, and they all know everything about the horse — 
let thom tell it; but if a veterinary surgeon pumps them a little, 
they get dry very soon, and all their knowledge of the horse van- 
ishes like air. Knowing this, it will do the farmer no harm to 
know as much, at least, as the farrier, and with that object in 
view, I commence this chapter. 

As I said in a former chapter, I do not believe in castration ; 
but as it will be done, I will advise the easiest and safest methods 
for so doing. 

Mr. Youalt is the best authority on this subject tliat we know 
of, and believing so, we will give his opinion instead of advancing 
our own. Says Youalt: **The period at which this operation 
may be best performed, depends much on the form and breed of 
the colt, and the purpose for which he is destined. For tlu^ com- 
mon farm horse, the age of four or five months will be the most 
proper time, or, at least, before he is weaned. Few horses are 



HINTS J\ND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 77 

lost when cut at that age. Care, however, should be taken that 
the weather is not too hot nor the flies too numerous. 

If the horse is designed either for the carriage or for heavy 
draught, the farmer should not think of castrating him until he is at 
least a twelvemonth old ; and, even then, the colt should be care- 
fully examined. The castration should be performed early in the 
spring, or early in autumn, when the air is temperate, and the 
weather dry. 

No preparation is necessary for the sucking colt, but it may be 
prudent to bleed and physic one of more advanced age. In the 
majority of cases, no after treament will be necessary, except that 
the animal should be sheltered from intense heat, and more partic- 
ularly from wet. 

Nicking and docking is another barbarous and unfeeling way of 
making a horse look well by cutting his tail, depriving him of the 
power of self protection from insects, and, in fact, depriving him 
of his real beauty ; for what looks nicer than a long flowing tail. 
Now, it seems to me that in this enlightened nineteenth century, 
people ought to be intelligent enough to know that if it was not 
right for a horse to remain entire as he came into the world, God 
would never have fashioned him so in the first place, and, I think, 
the person who would abuse or maltreat such a noble animal, 
has about as much respect for Him as he has for the horse. If a 
horse's tail be in your way, and it should accidentally touch your 
face on a wet day, tie it up. 

Bleeding a horse when almost in complete health is, I am glad to 
say, going out of use, for as I have before remarked about medicine, 
the more he gets the more he needs ; and it is so with bleeding, for 
I have noticed that those who believed in this remedy for all ills, 
finally had to keep it up to save the horse's life from death by 
apoplexy; but there are times when, like everything else, it 
has to be resorted to, and then it should be done by proper 
hands. 



78 HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 

Youatt describes bleeding tlius : 

The operation is performed witli a fleam, or lancet. The first is 
the common instrument, and the safest, except in skilful hands. 
The lancet has a surgical appearaijce, and is always used by the 
professional. A piece of hard wood loaded at one end with lead, 
is used to strike the fleam into the vein, and as this is sometimes 
done with great violence, the opposite side of the coat of the vein 
is wounded, often causing a bad case of inflammation. If the fist 
be doubled and the fleam is sharp and is struck with sufiicient force 
with the lower part of the hand, the stick may be dispensed with. 

For general bleedmg, the jugular vein is selected. The horse is 
blindfolded on the side on whicli he is to be bled, or his head 
turnedwell away. The hair is smoothed along the course of the 
vein with the moistened finger ; then with the third and little 
fingers of the left hand, which hold the fleam, pressure is made on 
the vein sufficient to bring it fairly into view, but not to swell it 
too much, for then, presenting a rounded surface, it would be apt 
to roll or slip under the blow. The point to be selected is about 
two inches below the union of the two portions of the jugular at 
the angle of the jaw. A fleam with a large blade is best, for the 
operation will be shortened, and a quantity of blood drawn speedily 
will also have far more effect on the system than double the weight 
slowly taken, while the wound will heal just as rapidly. 

In foot cases, blood may be taken from the coronet, or from the 
toe, by cutting down with a fine knife at the union of the crust 
and the sole at the very toe, until .the blood flows, and, if necessary, 
encom'age its discharge by dipping the foot in warm water. The 
bleeding may be stopped, by placing a bit of tow in the little 
groove that has been cut, and tacking the shoe over it. 

THE PROPER WAY TO TREAT WOUNDS AND STRAINS. 

Incised wounds are those inflicted with a sharp instrument,, and 
if they are seen shortly after, and there be found no dirt, the blood 



HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. Y9 

had better be allowed to remain, for its healing qualities are well 
known. Nothing else is needed, except to keep the horse on low 
diet, if he is to be confined in the stable. 

Contused and lac2rated wounds may be cured by a charcoal 
poultice, or an application of myrrh. 

Punctured wounds often cause lockjaw and fistula, but a poul- 
tice of flaxseed and balsam will give relief. 

It has been the custom to cut the hair away from inside the ear, 
but as that hair protects the ear from cold, it should never be 
touched except the edges. 

Strains are cured by the use of the seton, with blistering and 
rest combined. A seton is a piece of cord, passed by a needle 
through the skin, and then held by tying both ends in a knot. 
The cord is moved in the wound twice a day, and sometimes it is 
saturated with spirits of turpentine, so as to make the inflammation 
greater. All other strains are cured in like manner ; and an ounce 
of cream of tartar in one bucket of water, given daily, will have a 
good effect. 

Gralling and chafes maybe easily cured by sprinkling a little 
fine |)owdered flour or table salt over the sore, and letting the 
horse rest for a day or two. 



CHAPTER SEVENTEENTH. 

THE I'ROPKU WAY TO SIIOI*] A IIORSR. 

Proper attention ou'^lit to bo giv(!n to tli'iB Kubjcct, as more 
horses have been ruined by bad shoeing than by anythinj^ else. In 
taking the old shoe ofT, all the elineluis of the nails should bo 
raised, without giving the horse; any piin, then rasp th(; outer edge 
of the erust, but nev(!r us(! that instruin-'nt ou tlu; surface. The 
sole should never be paired V(!ry tliiu, for bruises will be tlu; eon- 
sequence, as the foot is V(!ry s(Misitive, and a loose nUmr. may do 
incalculable injury. Low hetils should always be pared, but never 
rasped ; and here it may be said, that paring is a work of more; la- 
bor than a i)erson would iniiigine, althougli to stand and look at 
Bom(! blacksmiths, one would think tlu; job easy, for as a rule, th(!y 
give themselves as little trouble as possible; and the horn which 
in a foot unsliod would Ix; worn away by rubl)ing against tlie 
ground, is suffennl to grow, month in and month out, until the 
HoUi is destroyed, and it can no longer descend, and thcMi corns and 
inllammation follow as a matter of course. That i)ortion of the 
liorn which deft^nds the internal part of the foot, and keeps it from 
getting bruis(!(l, ought not to be touched ; but the heels should be 
looked after, for there is a terrible stress thrown on the inner lieel, 
and the horn wears away fa?iter there than anywhen; elsi^, and the 
shoer should Ix; v(Ty careful. 

For connnon work, shoes should be pretty heavy, and should 
be wide, and of eciual thickness ; so that they will protect the solo. 



HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 81 

The shoe must be made to fit, for no amount of shaving can bring to 
an unnatural figure, and leave the foot safe to work it, A small 
turn in at the toe will prevent the shoe going backwards, and the 
shoe should be fully long so as to support the heels ; and not so 
short, that a little wear drives the edge of the shoe into the horn. 
The surface should have a flat place all around it, so as the crust 
will have room to bear up on it ; for the crust sustains the whole 
weight of the horse, and needs to be even everywhere. Great care 
should bfi had in opening the nail holes, in giving them a direction 
outwardly, and allow the points of the nails to come out in the 
bottom of the crust. The fuller of the shoe ought to go back to 
the heels, and then it will hold the shoe to the ground. 

A shoe should never be burned into place, as the heat might 
produce something serious ; but it can bo lightly touched to the 
foot, so as to show where paring is needed most ; and then if the 
shoe is an exact fit, there will be no danger of its getting loose. 
In nailing the shoe fast, five nails are sufficient in the fore shoes, and 
seven in the hind shoes ; and Ihey should be driven up lightly, and 
brought out speedily, and then clinched ; and the clinches must 
not be rasped too fine, but turned down firm. The whole surface 
of the hoof should never be rasped, as the protection given by 
nature to guard against the moisture of tke hoof evaporating too 
speedily, would become destroyed. 

There is no use in being as particular about the hind feet, 
as about the fore feet, as they are less liable to injury, but not 
always so ; but the shoe should be fitted carefully, and especially 
at the heels. 

Bad shoeing will cause the feet to become contracted ; which can 
only be remedied by forming the shoe so that a level and secure 
support will be given to the heels. 



4^ 



CHAPTER EIGHTEENTH. 

RULES OF RACING AND BETTING AS ADOPTED BY THE AMERICAN 
JOCKEY CLUB. 

There are many cities and towns in tbe United States, where 
racing would become popular, if the people only knew how to 
carry the sport, and wishing to give them all the information 
necessary, we print the following rules of the American Jockey 
Club, to which association we tender thanks for the favor confer- 
red; 

RACING RULES. 



RULE 1. 

AGE. 

Race-horses take their ages from the first of January. 
RULE 2. 

MAIDEN HOUSES. 

A maiden horse or marc is one that has never won a purse or 
sweepstakes in any country. 

RULE 3. 

A ruusE. 

For a purse, no person can enter, either in his own name or in 

that of any other person, more than one horse of which he is wholly 

or in part owner, unless permitted to do so by a special clause in 

the conditions. 

Horses entered for a purse arc not obliged to start. 



• HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 83 

Entrance money to a purse shall be five per centum on the 
amount of the prize, shall be paid at the time of naming, and, 
when not otherwise distributed by the article, shall go to the 
second horse. 

The article not stipulating otherwise, entries of horses for a purse 

shall be deposited in a box kept for that purpose, at the Judges' 

Stand, by four o'clock P. M. of the day previous to the race, 

unless the races of the day be not finished by three o'clock ; and in 

such case, before thirty minutes after the close of the last race. 

No entry shall be received after the time specified ; and the box 

shall not be opened except in the presence of an officer or Governor 

of the Jockey Club. * 

RULE 4. 

SWEEPSTAKES. 

A sweepstakes is a race, the prize for which is the aggregate of 
the stakes which- the nominators of the horses agree to deposit ; and 
if an additional sum of money, cup, piece of plate, or other reward 
is offered to the winner, the race is still a sweepstakes, whatever be 
the name given to such addition. Three subscribers make a sweep- 
stakes ; and if a stake has the required number of subscribers at 
the expiration of the time of closing, and the number is afterwards 
reduced by death (or, in the case of a produce stake, by failure of 
produce), the race is not void so long as there are two horses left, 
the property of different persons ; and if the number is reduced to 
two, it is still a sweepstakes. 

RULE 5. 

POST MATCH OK POST STAKE. 

For a post match or post stake, a subscriber is obliged to declare 
the horse he intends to run at the time for weighing. 

RULE 6. 

HANDICAP. 

A handicap is a race for which the horses are weighted according 
to their merits, in the estimation of the handicapper. 



84 HINTS AND HELPS TO HOUSEMEN. 

RULE 7. 

ORDEE OF STARTING. 

The places of horses in starting shall be determined by lot, by 
the Clerk of the Course. The winner of a heat shall, at the next 
start, have the inside position ; the others shall take their positions 
on his right, in the order in which they came out in the previous heat. 

Nevertheless, the Starter may place vicious or unruly horses 
where they cannot injure others. 

RULE 8. 

OMISSION OF WEIGHT. 

When a match or sweepstakes is made, and no weight mention- 
ed, the horses shall carry the established weight for age. 
RULE 9. 

OMISSION OP DISTANCE. 

When a match or sweepstakes is made, and no distance mention- 
ed, the distance shall be that which is usually run by horses of the 
same age as those engaged, viz. : if two years old, six furlongs ; if 
three years old, one mile and a half; if four years old, two miles 
and a half; and if five years old, or upward, three miles; and if 
the horses be of different ages, the distance shall be fixed by the 
age of the youngest. 

RULE 10. 

OMISSION OF DAY. 

If the meeting be specified and no day mentioned for a race, it shall 
be run on any day in that meeting the Executive Committee may 
appoint ; if neither day nor meeting be mentlone 1, then it shall be 
run during the meeting in progress, or during the next meeting, 
should the race be made between meetings — in both cases, on 
the day the Executive Committee may appoint. 
RULE 11. 

OF DRESS AND COLORS. 

All riders must be dressed in jockey costume — cap and jacket of 
silk or satin, breeches of ichite cords, flannel or buckskin, and 



I 



HINTS AND HELPS TO HOKSEMEN. 85 

top-boots. The colors selected by owners are to be recorded with 
the Clerk of the Course, and, when thus recorded, are not to ba 
used by others, except in case of death or withdrawal from the turf 
for five years. A list of all colors that have been recorded is to be 
potted in the Judges' Stand. 

RULE 12. 

NOMINATIONS AND ENTEIES. 

In all nominations and entries, the horse, m£^re or gelding entered 
must be clearly identified. The color, sex, name, age, sire and 
dam must be given, and if the dam has no name, such further pedi- 
gree and description must be added as will distinguish the horse 
intended to be named from any other of a similar pedigree. If the 
dam was covered by more than one stallion, the names of all of 
them must be mentioned. When a horse has run once over the 
Course of any r<?cognized association, it will be sufficient afterward 
to give his name and age. If the name of a horse which has run 
be changed, it is necessary, in naming or entering him, to give his 
old as well as his new name, until he has run once under it over a 
course as above ; and, if his name be changed again, all his names 
must be repeated for a like period ; but if a horse's name be 
changed before he has run in public, it shall be sufficient to give 
his new name in the first entry made afterward. 

RULE 13. 

INSUFFICIENT DESCRIPTION A DISQITALIFIOATION. 

If any horse be entered or named without being identified as 
before directed, he shall not be allowed to start in the race, but his 
owner shall be liable to pay the forfeit, or, if a play or pay race, 
the whole stake. 

If a horse has been properly described, and from that descrip- 
tion is not qualified for the race in which he is engaged, the entry 
or nomination is void, and the entrance money or forfeit is not 
due. 



86 HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 

RULE 14. 

NOMINATION OF FOEEIGN HOKSES. 

No horse foaled out of the Uuited States shall run for any race 
until his owner has produced a certificate of some racing club of 
the country where the horse was foaled, or from the mayor or 
other public officer of the district, stating the age, pedigree and 
color of the horse, and the marks by which it is distinguished ; or 
has produced other evidence of identity satisfactory to the Execu- 
tive Committee. 

RULE 15. 

FRAUDULENT ENTRY A PERPETUAL DISQUALIFICATION. 

If a horse should fraudulently run, or be entered to run for any 
race by a false description, such horse is thenceforth disqualified 
for running in any race, and the owner shall be compelled to re- 
turn any sum of money won in any race, which the horse may 
then and thereafter have won. 

When a horse has been struck out of an engagement by the per- 
son legally entitled to do so, if the horse be permitted to start by 
mistake for the said engagement, he shall not be entitled to receive 
the prize or stakes though he come in first. 

If any horse has been allowed Jo start in consequence of fraud 
or false statements on the part of the owner or other person having 
charge of the horse, that person shall be ruled off the Course, and 
the horse shall be disqualified for running for any race thereafter. 

RULE 16. 

QUALIFICATION DATES FROM TIME OF CLOSING. 

In naming or entering for any race where there shall be any 
particular conditions required as a qualification to start, it shall be 
sufficient if the horse was qualified at the expiration of the time 
allowed for naming or entering, and he shall not be disqualified 
by anything which may happen after the expiration of that time, 
unless so specified in the article, or unless he become disqualified 



HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMFJN. 87 

under the rules relating to defaulters. If a brood mare engaged 
in a produce stake drops her foal before the first of January, the 
nomination is void ; and if she has a dead or more than one foal, 
or is barren, the nomination is void. 

RULE 17. 

NOMINATIONS NOT TO BE CHANGED AFTER CLOSING. 

No person who has once subscribed to a stake shall be allowed 
to withdraw his name, or to substitute that of another person ; and 
no nomination or entry shall be altered in any respect after the 
time of closing, without the consent of all the parties in the race. 

RULE 18. 

EXCEPTION TO THE PEEOEDING ETJLE. 

When a person takes a nomination for a stake in which the 
forfeit is to be declared by a particular time, and does not declare 
forfeit by the time fixed in the article, he shall thenceforth be con- 
sidered to have taken the engagement on himself, and shall be held 
equally liable with the original subscriber. 

RULE 19. 

USE OF FICTITIOUS NAMES. 

Every person who wishes to engage his horses in any other name 
than his own, must assume some one other name, which must be 
registered with the Clerk of the Course ; and he cannot enter or 
subscribe in any other until he resumes his own name. The person 
registering the assumed name shall be considered in all respects as 
the owner of the horse entered in it, and in the event of the forfeit 
not being paid, his real name shall be published in the forfeit list. 
• No person shall register, as an assumed name, that of any person 
who runs his horses in his own or in an assumed name; nor shall 
the real or assumed name of any person who has run horses in 
the United States within twenty years, be registered. 

Any horse running in any other name than that of his owner, 
shall be disqualified, unless the name is registered as above. Any 



88 HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 

one owning an interest in the racing qualities of a liorse shall be 
considered an owner. 

This rule not to prevent a person who has subscribed to a stake 
from giving his nomination, provided the real or reg stered name 
of the owner appear in the entry. 

RULE 20. 

UNAUTHORIZED NOMINATION. 

Any person entering or naming a horse for a race without au- 
thority from the owner, shall be responsible for the stake or forfeit ; 
entrance money shall be retained and added to the prize ; and the 
horse shall be disqualified for running in any race until the stake 
or forfeit is paid, unless the owner shall have promptly disavowed 
the act by letter, addressed to the Clerk of the Course. Publication 
of the entry or nomination shall be held as notice to the owner. 
If it shall appear to the Executive Committee that the authority 
denied has been granted, the owner shall also be responsible for the 
stake or forfeit, and the horse shall be disqualified for running in 
any race until it is paid ; and, if the Executive Committee believe 
that any fraud was designed, all persons implicated therein shall 
be ruled off the Course. 

RULE 21. 

NOMINATIONS NOT KEQUIRED TO BE MADE ON SUNDAY. 

When the day fixed for the closing of, or naming for, any stake 
or purse, or for declaring forfeit or produce, shall fall on Sunday, 
subscriptions, nominations, or declarations for such stake or purse 
may be received on the following day ; provided that there is an 
interval of one day between the day of closing, naming or declar- 
ing, and the day of running. 

RULE 22. 

ALLOWANCE OF WEIGHT IN CERTAIN OASES. 

In every race in which there is an allowance of weight to the 
produce of untried horses or mares, it shall extend to horses and 



HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 89 

mares whose produce have never won a registered prize in any- 
country ; but such allowance shall not be made unless claimed be- 
fore the expiration of the time for naming, and shall not be lost by 
winnings after that time. 

RULE 23. 

NOMINATIONS IN STAKES IN EVENT OP DEATH. 

All nominations in stakes are void by the death of the subscriber, 
except where a horse is sold with his engagements, and a written 
acknowledgment from both purchaser and seller has been delivered 
to the Clerk of the Course, previous to the death of the original 
subscriber. 

If any of the parties to a joint nomination die, all its privileges 
and responsibilities attach to the survivors. 

The death of a horse does not release the nominator or purchaser 
from liability for a stake or forfeit. 

RULE 24. 

ENTEIKS IN PCTESES NOT VOID BY DEATH. 

Entries in purses are not void by the death of the nominator, and 
are transferred to and become the privilege of the actual owner, 
unless the horse has been sold without his engagements. 

Entrance money for a purse is not to be returned on the death 
of a horse, or his failure to start. 

RULE 25. 

EESPECTING STAKES AND FORFEITS. 

All Stakes shall be put in the hands of the Clerk of the Course 
before the riders are weighed. On the deposit of a stake, the right 
to forfeit ceases. When any person has more than one nomina- 
tion in a stake, he shall not be allowed to start any horse for it un- 
less the forfeits be paid for every horse which does not start 
belonging to him, or standing in his name, or in the same name as 
the horse which runs, as well as the stakes for those which do. 



90 HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 

RULE 26. 

AEREAES OF OWNERS AND NAMERS TO BE PAID BEFpRE STARTING. 

No person shall start a horse for any race, either in his own 
name or that of any other person, unless both the owner and namer 
of such horse shall have paid all former stakes and forfeits ; and 
this rule shall extend to forfeits due on the Course of any recog- 
nized association, if they have been published in the forfeit list of 
the American Jockey Club. 

RULE 27. 

ARREARS DUE FOR A HORSE TO BE PAID BEFORE HE CAN START. 

No horse shall start for any race unless all former stakes and 
forfeits due for that horse be paid before starting, including those 
due on other Courses, if published as above. . 

RULE 28. 

THE FORFEIT LIST. 

A list of unpaid forfeits, with the name of the subscriber to the 
Stake, and of subsequent purchasers with the engagement, and the 
name or description of the horse, with the name or sufficient de- 
scription of the stake, and the amount of the forfeit, and the name 
of the person to whom it is due, shall be attached to and published 
with the official summary of the meeting. 

A similar list of unpaid forfeits shall be published from to time, 
and shall be posted in the Judges' Stand, in the office of the Ameri- 
can Jockey Club, and in the subscription room. 

Forfeits due on the Course of any recognized' association shall 
be placed in the forfeit list upon official information, or the written 
declaration of the person to whom such forfeit is due, verified, if 
need be, to the satisfaction of the Executive Committee. 

The posting of a forfeit list in the office of the American Jockey 
Club, and at the Judges' Stand, for 24 hours, shall be sufficient 
publication. 



HINTS AND HELPS TO HOESEMEN. 91 

RULE 29. 

PERSONS APPEAEINa IN FORFEIT LIST DISQUALIFIED. 

No person whose name shall appear in the published forfeit list 
shall be entitled to enter or run a horse for any race whatever, 
either in his own name or in the name of any other person, until he 
shall have paid up all the forfeits in respect of which his name 
appears in the list. 

RULE 30. 

HORSES APPEARING IN FORFEIT LIST NOT QUALIFIED TO BE ENTERED. 

No horse which appears in the published forfeit list shall be qualifi- 
ed to be entered or to run for any race whatever until the forfeits 
mentioned in the said list, as due for such horse, shall have been paid. 

RULE 31. 

STRIKING OUT OF ENGAGEMENTS. 

Ko horse shall be considered as struck out of his engagement un- 
less the declaration be made by the owner or some person author- 
ized by him, to the Clerk of the Course or to the Secretary, who 
shall record the day and hour of its receipt, and give early pub- 
licity thereto. 

The striking of a horse out of his engagement is irrevocable. 

RULE 32. 

OBJECTIONS. 

Should any horse in the ' published forfeit list, or any horse 
struck out of his engagement, be permitted to start by mistake, he 
shall be liable to objection at any time before the conclusion of the 
race meeting, unless he should also be liable under Rule 15, when 
objection may be made at any time within one year. 

Objections to horses on the ground of non-payment of stakes or 
forfeits for races of the meeting in progress are not valid, unless 
made before the horses are ordered to the starting post. 



92 HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 

RULE 33. 

SUSPECTED NOMINATIONS MAY BE STRUCK OUT. 

In order to prevent persons who are defaulters, or who are ruled 
off the course, from evading these laws, and continuing to engage 
horses by the use of fictitious names, the Executive Committee 
shall have the power of calling upon a nominator, to produce sat- 
isfactory testimony that the horse named is not the property, either 
wholly or in part, of any person whose name appears in the pub- 
lished list of defaulters, or of any person ruled off the course, and, 
if the nominator shall fail to do so, the Executive Committee may 
cause the nomination or entry to be erased. 

RULE 34. 

LIABILITY FOR ENGAGEMENTS OF HORSES SOLD. 

When a horse is sold with his engagements, or any part of them, 
the seller has not the power of striking the horse out of the engage- 
ments with which he is sold ; but as the original subscriber remains 
liable to the respective winners for the amount of the forfeits in each 
of these engagements, he may, if compelled to pay them by the 
purchaser's default, place the forfeit on the forfeit list by a written 
declaration, in the usual manner, as due from the purchaser to 
himself, and until this forfeit is repaid, both the purchaser and the 
horse remain under the same disabilities as if the purchaser had 
been the original subscriber. In all cases of sale by private treaty, 
the written acknowledgment of both parties that the horse was 
sold with his engagements is necessary to entitle either buyer or 
seller to the benefit of this rule ; but when the horse is sold by pub- 
lic auction, the advertised conditions of sale are sufficient evidence, 
and if he has been claimed as the winner of a race of which it was 
a condition that the winner was to be sold with his engage- 
ments, this also is sufficient. 

When a horse is sold without his engagements, the seller may grant 
or refuse to the purchaser the privilege of starting for any of them. 



HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 93 

RULE 35. 

FORFEITS PAID AS ABOVE MA.Y BE PLACED ON FORFEIT LIST. 

When a person has a horse engaged in the name of another per- 
son, and is entitled, by purchase or otherwise, to start the horse 
for such engagement, hut is prevented by any of the preceding 
laws, from starting his horss without previously paying up forfeits 
to which he is not otherwise liable, he may, if he pays these for- 
feits, start his horse and have the forfeits with the names of the 
horses for which they are due, placed on the forfeit list, by a writ- 
ten declaration, in the usual manner, as due to himself. 

RULE 36. 

FEATHER-WEIGHT. 

Feather-weights shall be considered seventy-five pounds ; the 

usual declaration must be made when the jockey carries above 

that weight. 

RULE 37. 

WELTER-WEIGHTS. 

Welter-weights shall be forty pounds added to weight for age. 
RULE 38. 

OF NAMES AND NUMBERS. 

The name of every horse intended to start in any race must be 
notified to the Clerk of the Course, and his number be exhibited, 
ten minutes before the race ; and if any alteration be made in the 
numbers after they have been exhibited, the Judges may call upon 
the owner, or trainer, or jockey, for an explanation. If this is not 
satisfactory, the owner or trainer may be fined, at the discretion of 
the Judges, in any sum not exceeding $250, and the horse shall 
not be allowed to start in another race until the fine is paid. 

RULE 39. 

TO WEIGH BEFORE AND AFTER RACE. 

A jockey is required to show the weight his horse is to carry to 
the Clerk of the Course, at the usual place of w^eighing, at least 



94 HIXTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 

ten minutes before the race, unless excused by the Judges for 
Bome special reason, in which case the fact must be notified to the 
Clerk of the Course. Otherwise, the horse shall not be allowed to 
start in the race. 

Every rider shall, immediately after the race or heat, ride his 
horse to the usual place of weighing, then and there alight, after 
obtaining the consent of the Judges, and not before, and weigh to 
the satisfaction of the Clerk of the Course ; before doing which, he 
is forbidden to touch anything beyond the equipments of his 
horse. 

Until ordered to dismount b}" the Judges, the rider must not 
suffer any person to touch of put cover on his horse. The person 
unsaddling the horse shall, as soon as the saddle and equipments 
are removed, hand them to the rider, who shall immediately carry 
them to the scale to be weighed. If the rider be disabled by an 
accident to himself or horse which should render him incapable of 
riding back, he may walk or be carried to the scale. 

If the jockey dismounts without permission, or otherwise vio- 
lates this rule, his horse is disqualified for winning the race, unless 
he can allege extraordinary circumstances, the sufficiency of which 
must be decided by the Judges. 

If a jockey riding a beaten horse does not return to weigh, or 
give reasons satisfactory to the Judges for not so doing, he shall 
be fined not less than ^^o nor more than $100, and shall not ride 
until the fine is paid ; and if it can be proved that the owner or 
trainer connived at this violation of the law, they shall be fined 
$100 each, and the horse shall be disqualified for running in any 
race until all the fines are paid. 

The jockey is to be weighed with all the equipments of his horse, 
except the bridle, which it is optional with him to weigh, unless 
required to do so by the Clerk of the Course. Xo whip, or substi- 
tute for a whip, shall be allowed in the scales in order to make 
weight, but if one has been carried by the jockey, its weight shall 



HIKTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 95 

be reported to tlie Judges by the Clerk of the Course, in case the 
weight thus carried would be suflScient to disqualify the horse. 
An allowance of 1 lb. will be made for a curb or double bridle, bufc 
no weight is allowed for a snaffle bridle, unless it is put in the 
scale before the horse is led away. 

Horses not bringing out the weight shown before the race, or 
within 1 lb. of it, shall be disqualified for winning the race ; but the 
Judges may make allowance for overplus occasioned by rain or mud. 

RULE 40. 

OVEE-WEIGHT. 

Each jockey shall be allowed two pounds and no more, above 
the weight specified for his horse to carry (all allowances to which 
he is entitled being deducted), unless a declaration of the extra 
weight the horse is about to carry has been made to the Clerk of 
the Course at least ten minutes before the race ; and the extra 
weight shall be announced or appended to the horse's number 
when it is put up; and the weight each horse actually carried, if 
more than 2 lbs. above his weight, shall be stated in the published 
summary of the meeting ; but in no case shall a horse be allowed 
to start carrying more than five pounds over- weight, unless the 
judges should be unable to decide before the race to what penalties 
the horse is liable, or to what allowances he is entitled, in which 
case he may start with any weight his owner may think proper to 
put up. No horse can be disqualified for winning on account of 
over- weight with which he has been allowed to start. 

RULE 41. 

EIDERS FALLING. 

If a rider fall from his horse while riding a heat or race, and anoth- 
er person of sufficient weight ride him in, no penalty shall be exacted 
for over- weight, and the horse shall not be disqualified for winning, 
if brought back to the spot where the rider fell. 



96 HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 

RULE 42. 

STARTING. 

The horses shall be started by a flag, and there shall be no start 
until, and no recall after, the Assistant Starter drops his flag, in 
response to the signal from his chief. The horses shall be sum- 
moned for each heat or race by the bugle-call or bell on the Judges' 
Stand. 

RULE 43. 

If any horse whose rider has been weighed, or whose number has 
beea exhibited, does not start and run the Course, the Judges shall 
call upon the owner, trainer and jockey for an explanation, and if 
satisfactory cause be not shown, shall, at their discretion, fine, 
suspend or rule off the Course the parties in fault. 

RULE 44. 

POWER OF STARTER. 

The Starter is prohibited from making a running start ; the hor- 
ses must walk up, and be started from a walk. He has authority 
to order the jockeys to draw up in a line as far behind the starting 
post as he may think proper, and any jockey disobeying the orders 
of the Starter, or taking any unfair advantage, shall be punished 
by fine or suspension, at the discretion of the Starter ; but the sus- 
pension of a jockey shall, in no case, take effect until after the last 
race of the day of his suspension. 

RULE 45. 

OF AIDS. 

No person shall be permitted to turn or lead a horse to the 
post ; the horses shall be started by their jockeys, and no other 
person shall strike a horse to gjt him from the post, or during the 
running of a race, nor shall any person stand in the track to point 
out a path for the rider. 



HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN, 97 

RULE 46. 

OF FALLE STAETS. 

When a false start is made, no horse making the false start, nor 
any horse remaining at the post, shall have clothes thrown upon 
him, or water given him, or his mouth sponged out ; nor shall the 
rider be permitted to dismount ; nor shall any delay be permitted ; 
but the horses shall be started as soon as brought back to the post. 
Horses making a false start shall return to the post by the shortest 
way ; and if the Starter perceive that a longer way is taken, he 
shall not delay the start for them. Any infringement of this rule 
shall be punished by fine or suspension, at the discretion of the 
Starter. When a false start is made, and a horse refuses to return 
to the post, the Starter may permit him to be led back behind the 
post, and then let loose. 

RULE 47. 

OF ACCIDENTS. 

If an accident happen to a horse or rider, except while repeat- 
ing heats, the Starter may grant a reasonable delay, not to exceed ' 
fifteen minutes, which, in extreme cases, may be extended by the 
Judges. 

RULE 48. 

OF BOLTING. 

If any horse shall run from the Course into the field, he shall be 

disqualified for winning the race, although he may come out ahead, 

unless he turn and again enter the Course at the point from which 

he swerved. 

RULE 49. 

FOUL HIDING. 

If, in running for any race, one horse shall cross or jostle anoth- 
er, so as to impede him, such horse is disqualified for winning the 
race, whether such cross or jostle happened by the foul or careless 
riding of the jockey, or by the swerving of the horse, unless it 

shall appear to the Judges that he was forced from his track by a 

5 



98 HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 

cross or jostle, or through the foul riding of other horses, in which 
case the penalty shall apply only to the horse or horses primarily 
in fault. A leading horse is entitled to any part of the Course, 
but if he swerves to one side when a horse is so near him that 
the latter is compelled to shorten his stride, it is deemed a 
cross. 

If during the running of a race a jockey does any act of violence 
to another jockey or horse, or rides his horse either willfully or 
carelessly, so as to injure another horse, his horse is disqualified 
for winning the race. 

If the Judges are satisfied that the riding of a race was intention- 
ally foul, or that the jockey was instructed or induced so to ride, 
all persons guilty of complicity in the offence shall be ruled off 
the Course. 

When a horse is disqualified under this rule, the penalty attaches 
to every horse in the race belonging wholly or in part to the same 
owner. 

Complaints can only be received from the owner, trainer, or 
jockey of the horse alleged to be affected, and must be made to the 
Judges either before or immediately after his jockey has passed 
the scales. 

In steeple chases and hurdle races, the penalties provided in this 
rule are not applicable, unless, in the opinion of the Judges, the 
foul riding was deliberate and intended to jeopardize the chance 
of success of another horse in the race. 

RULE 50. 

WHEN HEAT IS VOID. 

If the start takes place on the wrong side of the starting post, 
or if no person oflacially appointed occupies the Judges' Stand, the 
heat or race is void, and must be run again— in twenty minutes, 
if the distance to be run is two miles or less, and in 30 minutes if 
over two miles. 



1 



HINTS AND HELPS TO H0K3EMEN. 99 

RULE 51. 

WINNER OF A HEAT OE EAOE. 

The horse that first gets his head to the winning post shall be 
considered the winner of the heat or race. 

RULE 52. 

OP HEATS. 

In a race of heats, the horse that actually wins two heats, or 
distances the field, wins the race. A horse running in any two 
consecutive heats, without winning or running a dead heat, cannot 
start again in the race. When a race is won by two heats, the 
preference of the horses is determined by the places they get in 
the second heat. If more than two heats are run, the horses start- 
ing for the deciding heat shall alone be placed in the race. Horses 
started and drawn before a race of heats is won, are held to be 

distanced. 

RULE 53. 

IN HEAT EAOES, ONLY ONE HORSE OR ONE EIDER IN SAME INTEREST 
CAN START. 

No person shall start more than one horse of which he is the 
owner, either wholly or in part, either in his own name or that of 
any other person, for any race of heats ; nor shall two riders from 
the same stable be permitted to ride in such race. 

RULE 54. 

HORSES NOT TO BE DRAWN DURING RACE OF HEATS. 

Any person who shall sell or draw his horse (if by the sale the horse 
be drawn) during the pendency of a race of heats, unless by per- 
mission of the Judges, shall be ruled off the Course. 

RULE 55. 

OF TIME BETWEEN HEATS. 

The time between heats shall be — 

In mile heats 20 minutes. 

In two mile heats 25 minutes. 



100 HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 

In three mile heats 35 minutes. 

In four mile heats.... 40 minutes. 

RULE 56. 

OF DEAD HEATS. 

If for any race not to be run in heats, the first two or more horses 
shall come in so near together that the Judges shall not be able 
to decide which won, those horses only shall run for such prize 
over again, after the last race on the same da}^, but at an interval 
of not less than thirty minutes. The other horses which* started 
are deemed losers, and are entitled to their respective places, as if 
the race had been finally determined the first time. 

When a dead heat for a race not of heats is run, the owners of 
the horses making the dead heat may agree to divide the prize 
or stakes, and thus terminate the race, if the conditions of the 
race do not prevent, but the terms of the division must be 
made knowTi to the Clerk of the Course. 

RULE 57. 

ET-FECT OF DIVIDING AFTEE A DEAD HEAT. 

When horses run a dead heat for any race not to be run in heats, 
and the parties agree to divide the stakes, such horses shall be 
liable to carry extra weight as winners of that race, whether one 
of the horses walk over for a deciding heat or not, and if there is 
any money for the second horse, they divide that also. 

RULE 58. 

DEAD HEAT FOE SECOND PLACE. 

When horses run a dead heat for the second place, they divide 
any money that may be payable to the second horse, and if there 
is any money for the thiid, they divide that also ; and if any of 
these horses run for a race in which there is a penalty for having 
received a certain amount of money as second horse, they shall 
be considered as having received only the amount of their re- 
spective shaies. 



HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 101 

When a dead heat is declared for the second place in any race, 
and the winner is disqualified too late for the race to be run again 
on the same day, the horses that ran the dead heat shall divide 
the race without either of them being called upon to walk over, 
and if any horse was placed fourth, he shall receive any money 
there may have been for the third. 

RULE 59. 

WHEN ENTITLED TO SECOND MONET. 

"When it is a condition of a stake or purse, that the owner of a 
second horse shall receive a certain sum of money out of the 
stakes or entrance money, and the race is walked over for, or no 
second horse is placed, the winning horse is entitled to the whole. 
If the money advertised to be given to the second horse is a sep- 
arate donation from the race fund or other source, and the race is 
walked over for, or no second horse is placed, the money is not 

given at all. 

RULE 60. 

OF DISTANCINa. 

All horses whose heads have not reached the distance post as 
soon as the leading horse arrives at the winning post, are dis- 
tanced, but as indispensable proof of the fact, the distance judge 
must have dropped his flag in response to the Judge's flag. 

In heats of one mile, 40 yards shall be a distance. 

In heats of two miles, 50 yards shall be a distance. 

In heats of three miles, 60 yards shall be a distance. 

In heats of four miles, 70 yards shall be a distance. 

RULE 61. 

EFFECT OF ^^SQUALIFICATION. 

In running the best of heats, horses disqualified for winning are 
to be held as distanced ; and in other races are not to be placed. 
Whenever a horse which has come in first is disqualified, the heat 
or race shall be awarded to the next best horse which is qualified. 



102 HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 

RULE 62. 

OF SELLING RACES. HOW THE WINNER MAT BE CLAIMED. 

When it is made a condition of any race that the winner shall be 
sold for any given sum, the owner of the second horse being first 
entitled, etc., no other person than one who ran a horse in the race 
shall be entitled to claim. The claim must be made to the Judges 
or Clerk of the Course within a quarter of an hour after the race. 
The horse claimed shall not be delivered until the amount is paid to 
the Clerk of the Course, and he must be paid for by ten o'clock at 
night on the day of the race, otherwise the party claiming shall not 
be entitled to demand the horse at any future period ; but, never- 
theless, the owner of the horse may insist upon the claimant tak- 
ing and paying for the horse claimed. 



RULE 63. 

OF SALES BY AUCTION. 

When it is a condition of a selling race that the winner shall be 
put up at auction after the race, any surplus which may thereby be 
obtained over and above the price for which the horse was entered 
to be sold, shall be paid to the owner of the second horse, and this 
shall not invalidate the privilege of the second horse as to the prior 
claim of any beaten horse, under Rule 64. 

RULE 64. 

CLAIM OF BEATEN HORSES. 

Any horse running for a selling race is liable to be claimed by the 
owner of any other horse in the race for the price of which he is 
entered to be sold and the amount ^pf the stake, deducting there- 
from any sum he may receive by the conditions of the race — the 
owner of the second horse to be first entitled to claim, and the 
others in the order in which their horses are placed, and the win- 
ner to have the last claim. 



m 



HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 103 

RULE 65. 

A PERSON CAN CLAIM BUT ONE HOESE. 

No person can claim more than one horse in the same race, and 
if two or more persons equally entitled wish to claim, they shall 
draw lots for the priority. 

RULE 66. 

FAILUEE TO DELIVER OR PAT FOR HORSES. 

Any person who refuses to deliver or fails to pay for a horse 
purchased or claimed in a selling race, shall be ruled off the 
Coui'se. 

RULE 67. 

IN CASE OF DISQUALIFICATION. 

If a horse claimed or purchased in a selling race should subse- 
quently be disqualified, the claimant or purchaser shall have the 
option of keeping it at the price of a beaten horse, or returning 
it immediately. 

RULE 68. 

EXTRA. WEIGHTS AND ALLOWANCES. 

When it is the condition of any race that horses should carry 
extra weight for winning a certain number of prizes dm-ing the 
year, such winnings shall date from the 1st of January preceding, 
shall extend to the time of starting, unless otherwise specified, and 
shall apply to all established races in any country. 

No allowance shall be made for having been beaten a certain 
number of times. 

If not otherwise specified, winnings, extra weights and allowan- 
ces are not accumulative, but extend to the time of starting, unless 
a horse, entered or named for a race in which any particular con- 
ditions are required as a qualification to start, would thereby be 
disqualified. 

A match or a private sweepstakes — that is, one to which no money 
has been added, and which has not been publicly advertised pre- 
vious to the engagement being made — does not subject a horse to 



104 HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 

extra weight or entitle him to allowance. A horse walking over or 
receiving forfeit, except for a match or private sweepstakes, is 
deemed a winner. 

Winners or losers of hurdle races or steeple chases are not con- 
sidered winners or losers in flat racing. 

RULE 69. 

VALUE OF PRIZES, HOW CALCULATED. 

In estimating the value of any prize, no deduction shall be made, 
except of the winner's own stake, or entrance money, and of any 
sum or sums required by the conditions of the race to be paid out 
of the stakes or entrance money to the owners of any other horse 
or horses in the race. 

The value of any prize not of money or paid in money shall not 

be estimated. 

RULE 70. 

OBJECTION TO QUALIFICATION. 

When the age or qualification of a horse is objected to, either 
before or after running for any race, the Executive Committee, or 
those whom they may appoint, shall have power to order an examin- 
ation of the horse's mouth, and to call for all such evidence as they 
may require, and their decision shall be final. If the disqualifica- 
tion is made out, and they believe that the horse was entered fraud- 
ulently, all persons implicated in the fraud shall be ruled off the 

Course. 

RULE 71. 

WHEN COMPLAINTS MUST BE MADE. 

All complaints of foul riding, or of horses not running the 
proper course, or of any other irregularities occurring in the heat 
or race, must be made to the Judges by the owner, trainer, or 
jockey of a horse in the race, either before or immediately after his 
jockey has passed the scales. Objections to winning horses on 
other grounds cannot be entertained unless made to the Executive 
Committee before the conclusion of the race meeting, save and 



HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 105 

excepting charges of fraudulent entry, or of running horses under 
a false description, which may be investigated at any period within 
one year from the date of the offence. 
RULE 72. 

OBJECTIONS TO QUALIFICATION, WHEN TO BE MADE. 

When the qualification of any horse is objected to, by ten o'clock 
on the morning of the day of the race, the owner must produce 
evidence to prove the qualification, satisfactory to the Executive 
Committee or Clerk of the Course before the race is run ; and if he 
shall start his horse without doing so, the prize shall be withheld 
for a period to be fixed upon by the Executive Committee, at the 
expiration of which time, if the qualification be not proved to their 
satisfaction, he shall not be entitled to the prize, though his horse 
shall come in first, but it shall be given to the owner of the second 
horse. When the quahfication of a horse is objected to after that 
time, the person making the objection must prove the disqualifica- 
tion. 

RULE 73. 

EMPLOYMENT OF EIDEES AND GE00M8. 

No owner or trainer shall engage a rider or groom from another 
stable, who has not a certificate of good conduct, or a written con- 
sent to his re-engagement, from his last employer. 

If the certificate is unjustly refused, or for any reason the consent 
cannot be obtained, the Executive Committee may authorize the 
engagement. After due notice of the complaint, either personally 
or by letter addressed to his usual post-offlce, the Executive Com- 
mittee shall fine any person infringing this rule not less than $100, 
and may rule him off the Course. 

RULE 74. 

JOCKEYS. 

If a jockey rides a race without the consent of his employer, the 
Executive Committee may fine or suspend him, and may also fine 
or suspend the owner or trainer for whom he rode. 



106 HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 

If a jockey unattached to a stable refuses to fulfill an engage- 
ment, the Executive Committee may fine or suspend him. 

RULE 75. 

FOR THE PEOTEOTION OF RIDEES, ETC. 

Any owner or trainer, who shall owe any rider or groom more 
than three months' wages, payment of which has been refused, 
shall, upon proof of the fact satisfactory to the Executive Com- 
mittee, be ruled off the Course. The Executive Committee shall 
not entertain any complaint, under this rule, unless it is attested by 
the affidavit of the creditor before a magistrate, and substantiated by 
evidence satisfactory to them, and shall not impose the penalty 
until they have given to the person owing such wages, reasonable 
notice of the complaint, either personally or by letter addressed to 
his usual post-office ; and they shall remove the disability upon 
proof satisfactory to them of the payment of the debt. 

RULE 76. 

PERSONS EXPELLED FROM OTHER COURSES. 

Every person who is expelled from or ruled off the Course of 
any racing Association recognized by the American Jockey Club, 
is necessarily ruled off every Com'se under its control. 

RULE 77. 

OF DECORUM. 

If any owner, trainer, jockey or attendant of a horse use im- 
proper language to the officers of the Club, he shall be ruled off 

the Course. 

RULE 78. ' 

OP PERSONS ALLOWED ON COURSE DURING RACE. 

After the horses are ordered to the starting post, and until the 
Judges direct the gates to be re- opened, no person except the rac- 
ing officials and the owners, trainers and immediate attendants of 
the horses in the race, shall be allowed on the Course to be run 
over. 



HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 107 

RULB 79. 

POWEES OF EXEOUTIYE COMMITTEE. 

When there is no specified penalty for violation of the racing 
rules or of the regulations of the Course, the Executive Committee 
have the power to fine, suspend, expel or rule off the Course. 

RULB 80. 

PAYMENT AND DISPOSAL OF FINES. 

All fines must be paid within twenty-four hours. Delinquents 
shall be ruled off the Course. 

The proceeds of all fines shall be applied, under the direction of 

the Executive Committee, to the relief of sick and disabled riders 

and grooms. 

RULE 81. 

■ OASES TJNPEOVIDED FOE. 

In all matters relating to the races, or running of a race, not pro- 
vided for in these rules, the Executive Committee and Judges shall 
decide according to the best of their judgment and the usages of 
the tm'f. 



CHAPTER NHSTETEENTH. 

BETTING RULES. 



RULE 1. 

In all bets, there must be a possibility to win when the bet is 
made. *' You cannot win where you cannot lose." 

RULE 2. 

Bets go as the prize or stakes go. If, however, an objection be 
made and sustained, to the qualification of a horse, on the ground 
of incorrect pedigree or nomination or other defect in his engage- 
ment after the race is run, the bets shall go to the horse that comes 
in first, provided he is of the right age, and in other respects has 
not transgressed the rules of racing ; but if the owner of a horse, 
or a person on his behalf, succeed by fraud or by false statements 
in starting him for a race for which he is legally disqualified, 
making himself liable to the penalties in Rule 15 of Racing Rules, 
the bets will go with the prize or stakes, whether any objection be 
made either before or after the race. 

RULE 3. 

All bets are play or pay, unless otherwise stipulated. 

RULE 4. 

All double bets must be considered play or pay. 

RULE 5. 

Confirmed bets cannot be off, except by mutual consent or by 
failure to make stakes at the time and place which may have been 
agreed upon, in which case it is optional with a bettor not in default 



^ 



HINTS AND HELPS TO HOESEMEN. 109 

to declare then and there that the bet stands. If at the time 
specified for making stakes, the horse or horses backed are dead 
or struck out of the engagement, and a start has not been stipu- 
lated, the bettor against them need not, while the backer must de- 
posit his stake. If there is no stipulation when the bet is made 
for the deposit of stakes, they cannot be demanded afterward. 
Bets between members of the subscription room are not governed 
by this rule where it conflicts with any regulation or practice there 

established. 

RULE 6. 

All bets on matches and private sweepstakes depending between 

any two horses, are void if those horses become the property of 

the same person or his confederate, subsequently to the bets being 

made. 

RULE 7. 

Unless agreed by parties to the contrary, all bets between par- 
ticular horses are void if neither of them is placed in the race ; 
except bets between particular horses started for a race of heats, 
but not starting for a third heat, which shall be determined by 
their places in the second heat, and bets between such horses and 
a horse starting for a third heat, which are won by the latter, even 
though he be distanced afterward. 

RULE 8. 

If any bet shall be made by signal or indication after the race 

has been determined, such bet shall be considered fraudulent and 

void. 

RULE 9. 

The person who lays the odds has a right to choose a horse or 

the field; when a person has chosen a horse, the field is what 

starts against him. 

RULE 10. 

If odds are laid without mentioning the horse before the race is 

over, the bet must be determined by the state of the odds at the 

time of making it. 



110 HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. 

RULE 11. 

When a race is postponed, all bets must stand ; but if the slight- 
est difference in the terms of the engagement is made, all bets be- 
fore the alteration are void. 

RULE 12. 

Bets made on horses winning any number of races within the 
year shall be understood as meaning between the 1st of January 
and the 31st of December, both inclusive. 

RULE 13. 

If a bet is made between two horses, with a forfeit affixed— say 
$100, half forfeit— and both horses start, either party may declare 
forfeit; and the person making such a declaration would pay $50 
if the other horse was placed in the race, but would receive nothing 
in the event of his horse being placed. 

RULE 14. 

Money given to have a bet laid shall not be returned though the 

race be not run. 

RULE 15. 

Matches and bets are void on the decease of either party before 

the match or bet is determined. 

RULE 16. 

Bets on a match for which a' dead heat is run are void ; and if 
the match is run over again instanter, it is considered a fresh en- 
gagement. 

RULE 17. 

When the riders of any horses brought out to run for any race 
are called upon by the Starter to take their places, all bets respect- 
ing such horses shall be play or pay. 

RULE 18. 

When horses run a dead heat for a purse or sweepstakes, and 
the owners agree to divide, all bets between such horses, or be- 



HINTS AND HELPS TO HORSEMEN. Ill 

tween either of tliem and the field, must be settled by the money 
betted being put together and divided between the parties in the 
same proportion as the prizes or stakes. 

If the dead heat be the first event of a doT;iblebet between either 
oi the horses making it and the field, the bet is void, unless one 
horse received above a moiety, which would constitute him a win- 
ner in a double event. 

If the dead heat be the first event of a double bet between the 
horses making it, the bet is void, unless the division was unequal, 
in which case a horse receiving a larger proportion would, in a 
double event, be considered as better placed in the race than one 
receiving a smaller sum. 

If a bet is made on one of the horses that ran the dead heat 

against a beaten horse, he who backed the horse that ran the dead 

heat wins the bet. 

RULE 19. 

If a match be run by mistake after the principals have compro- 
mised, it does not affect the betting or the result. 

RULE 20. 

Pools sold shall not be play or pay, unless so declared at the 
time. 



IKDEX 



A PAGE. 

Age to Breed from U 

Arabian Blood , 24 

Advice to an Amateur , 33 

Age of Horses 38 

B 

Bleeding 56,57,58 

Blistering 56 

Botts 58 

Broken Knees 59 

Breeding 5 

Blindness 11 

Breeding from Pure Blood 16 

Breeding In and In 15 

Betting Kules 108 

C 

Colic 56 

Cleaning Horses 48 

Canadian Norman Blood 20 

Curbed^ Horses 38 

Constipation 58 

Cougli 69 

XJatarrh 68 

B 

Diseases of Horses 54 

Dressing the Horse 48 

Defect in Sight 35 

Difference between Mules and Hinnies 30 

Distemper 58 

Diarrhoea , T3 

Docking 7T 



114 INDEX. 

E PAGE, 

Exercise for Mare in Foal 11 

Examining tlie Lungs.: : 35 

F 

Farcy •••• ^ 

Farcy, Remedies for 64 

Food for Mare in Foal »•• 14 

Founder ^5 

Founder, Remedies for 65 

Farmers' Horses 34 

Q 

Gripes "^^ 

Gripes, Remedies for 72 

H 

How to Buy a Horse 33 

How to Feed a Horse 41 

How to Feed Colts 42 

How to Feed wlien Traveling 45 

How to Break Horses 49 

How to Work a Horse 52 

How to Shoe a Horse 80 

HandlmgColts 49 

How to Care for Sick Animals 63 

How to Feed Sick Animals 63 

Homoepatny 59 

Hide Bound 66 

Hide Bound, Remedies for 66 

I 

Influenza , '^'^ 

Influenza, Remedies for 72 

Inflammation of the Bowels 74 

Inflammation of the Bowels, Remedies for T4 

Inflammation of the Kidneys 75 

Inflammation of the Brain 67 

Inflammation of the Brain, Remedies for 6T 

Inflammation of the Lungs 70 

Inflammation of the Lungs, Remedies for 70 

Indigestion 73" 

Indigestion, Remedies for 73 

J 

Jockeying Horses' Teeth 34 

li 

Legs and Feet 37 

Light for Horses * 46 



INDEX. 115 

m: page. 

Medicines in Balls ; 5T 

Mange 64 

Mange, Eemedies for 64 

Megrims 6T 

Megrims, Remedies for 67 

Mules 29 

Mules, How to Improve 32 

N 

Nitre 44 

Nicking — 11 

P 

Pure Norman iJ2 

Purgatives 57 

Ponies, Indian 25 

Ponies, Shetland 27 

Ponies, Texan 26 

Pulse 55 



Sore Throat TO- 

Sore Throat, Remedies for 70 

Strains 60 

Scratches ■ 65 

Surgeons, Veterinary 7Q 

Stable, The 46 

Stable, Temperature in 4^ 

T 

Thrush ^. 69 

Thrush, Remedies f or 66 

"W 

Water 44 

Whipping • 51 

Worms f4 

W•^n<^.,WaytoTraB,t T8 



INDEX TO RACIlSra ETJLES. 



PAGE. 

Accidents 91 

Age of Race Horses 82 

Aids 96 

Allowance of Weight in Certain Cases 83 

Arrears Due for a Horse 90 

A Person can Claim but One Horse 103 

A Purse 82 

Auction of, Sales by 102 

Bolting 97 

Cases Unprovided for 107 

Claim of Beaten Horses 102 

Closing, Qualification Dates from Time of 86 

Closing, Nominations Not to be Changed After 87 

Committees, Powers of 107 

Course, Persons Expelled from 106 

Course, Persons Allowed on 106 

Day, Omissions of 84 

Decorum 106 

Distances, Omissions of 84 

Distances 101 

Disqualification, Effect of 101 

Disqualification, in Case of 103 

Disqualification Fraudulent Entry, etc 86 

Disqualification, Insufficient Description .* 85 

Dress and Colors 84 

Employment of Riders and Grooms 105 

Engagements, Liability for •'• • 92 

Engagements, Striking out 91 

Entries ..i ^^ 

Entries in Purses not Void by Death 89 

Failure to Deliver 103 

Fines, Payment of 107 

Forfeit List ^^ 

Forfeit List, Horses Appearing 91 



INDEX. 117 

PAGE. 

Forfeit List, Persons Appearing 91 

Forfeit Paid 93 

Foul Riding 9T 

Handicap 83 

Heat, Dead 100 

Heat, Dividing after Dead 1 00 

Heat, Dead for Second Place 100 

Heat, Horses not to be witMrawn 99 

Heat, Rider of 99 

Heat, wlien void 9S 

Heat, Winner of 99 

Heats, Time between , 99 

Jockeys 105 

Nomination of Foreign Horses 86 

Nomination not required to be made Sunday 88 

Nomination in Stakes in event of Death 89 

Nomination Suspected 92 

Names, use of Fictitious 87 

Names and Numbers 93 

Ob j ection 91 

Objections to Qualifications 104-105 

Prizes, Value of 104 

Riders Falling 95 

Riders, Protection of 105 

Races, Selling 102 

Stake Post 83 

Stakes, respecting. 89 

Starter, Power of 96 

Starting 96 

Starting, Order of 84 

Starts, False 9T 

Sweepstakes 83 

Weight before and after Race 93 

Weight, Extra 103 

Weight, Feather 93 

Weight, Omissions of 84 

Weight, Over 95 

Weight, Welter 93 



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